2. Frank B. Kellogg, "The War Prevention Policy of the United States", AJIL 22 (1928), 253-261.
3. Article 10 of the Covenant of the League of Nations states, "The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled." Text in Louis B. Sohn, ed., Basic Documents of the United Nations (Brooklyn: The Foundation Press,1968), 298.
5. Covenant of the League of Nations, Article 10.
6. See Richardson, XVIII, 8784-8795, and 8821-8823 for Wilson's rebuttal of Congressional Objections and related material. See also Garraty, chapter XX passim.
7. Covenant of the League of Nations, Article 11 (1) codified the "indivisibility of peace" by stating, "Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any Members of the League or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations."
9. Wright, 210; Leo Gross, "On the Degradation of the Constitutional Environment of the United Nations," AJIL 77 (1983), 569.
10. Malloy, IV, 4743-4750; Schindler and Toman, 865-872; George Grafton Wilson, ILS XXXV (1935), 119; Article 15 states, "acts of assistance coming from the neutral states . . . are contrary to neutrality." The Convention was ratified by the United States in 1932.
11. See Malloy, IV, 5130-5133, for the text of the Pact of Paris (Kellogg-Briand Pact). Also cf. Kellogg, 253, and Philip C. Jessup, "The United States and Treaties for the Avoidance of War", International Conciliation, April 1928, 201. See also Robert H. Ferrell, Peace in Their Time (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952), passim.
12. "A state signatory to the Briand-Kellogg's Pact is perfectly entitled to adopt an intermediate position between belligerency and neutrality if it holds that a state involved in hostilities has violated the provisions," Titus Komarnicki, "The Place of Neutrality in the Modern System of International Law," Recueil des Cours 80 (1952), I:482; also quoted at Whiteman, 11, 150; see also Hans Kelsen, ILS XLIX (1954), 165n.
13. Albert E. Hindmarsh, Force in Peace (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1933), 92-93.
14. Although F.D.R.'s official Public Papers have not yet been published a private set was begun during his presidency and at least the first six volumes (through 1936) were issued. These are no longer in print. The above quote was found in The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, compiled and collated by Samuel I. Rosenman (New York: Random House, 1938), II:14. See also Bemis, 258.
15. Manfred Jonas, Isolationism in America (New York: Cornell University, 1964), 5; see also the comparison of the "belligerent" and "timid" isolationists' views of neutrality at 6-8.
16. Ibid., 1, and Fenwick, v-vi.
17. See USStat 49, 1081; USStat 49, 1152; and USStat 50, 121 for the U.S. Neutrality Laws of 1935, 1936, and 1937, respectively.