16. Ken Booth, "Foreign Policies at Risk: Some Problems of Managing Naval Power", NWCR, Summer 1976, 12.
17. William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1973-1974), 1:210; Attache's Report from Tokyo, dated 22 December 1937 Ser. 325, PANAY Bombing, Issued by the Intelligence Division, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Navy Department, now held by the Naval War College Archives, Newport, Rhode Island; Payson Sibley Wild, Jr., ILS XXXVIII (1938), 129-150. The Japanese Government dissociated itself from the decisions of its military officers and quickly apologized for the attacks disciplining some of those involved. See Rear Admiral Joseph B. Icenhower, U.S. Navy (ret.), The PANAY Incident, December 12, 1937: The Sinking of an American Gunboat Worsens U.S.-Japanese Relations (New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1971) passim for a thorough analysis of the incident.
18. Morison, I, 57 and 73. Jurgen Rohwer, Axis Submarine Successes 1939-1945 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1983), 49. The submarine was commanded by Otto Salman. Rohwer's work was not available at the time Morison's was prepared. It includes material declassified later. Morison indicates that no submarine action was recorded there--but the lost ship and men in the water make clear the records were incomplete. The U-52 attack was the only submarine action recorded in the North Atlantic that day. It is quite likely a match. The submarine may have been gone before NIBLACK attacked or may not have recorded it. I am indebted to the anonymous historian, who critiqued an earlier draft of this work at Naval War College, for calling my attention to this and other useful references.
19.Ludovic Kennedy, Pursuit (New York: Pinnacle Books, 1974), 145-146.
20. Morison, I, 60-63 and Abbazia, 233-234.
21. Morison, I, 73; Abbazia, 174, reports that the German commander of U-203 knew he was firing at an American ship but disregarded his orders. He cites the German War Diary, TEXAS' log, Doenitz, and Farago. A decision to ignore orders seems a strange thing for a commander to enter in his official log--or to confess to Admiral Doenitz. Bailey and Ryan, 147-148, 170, 172-173, 241; Rohwer, 53, reports that U-69 sank ROBIN MOOR on 21 May. "U.S. Ship Sunk in Atlantic, Reported Victim of U-Boat; Allies Nearing Damascus", The New York Times, 10 June 1941, 1:1-7:3; "Submarine Attacks U.S. Destroyer GREER; Latter Undamaged, Drops Depth Charges; Leningrad Ringed, Say Nazis; Soviet Denies It", The New York Times, 5 September 1941, 1:7-4:4. (In this account the Germans denied knowledge of the attack, which was likely true at the time. Notably GREER had been recently recommissioned to meet the increasing demands of a war the United States was not fighting); Abbazia provides a stirring account of the action at 223-231; Churchill, III, 516; In his address delivered on September 11, 1941, the "shoot on sight" speech, prompted by the attack on GREER, President Roosevelt said: "In the waters which we deem necessary for our defense American naval vessels and American planes will no longer wait until Axis submarines lurking under the water, or Axis raiders on the surface of the sea, strike their deadly blow--first. Upon our naval and air patrol--now operating in large numbers over vast expanse of the Atlantic Ocean--falls the duty of maintaining the American policy of freedom of the seas--now. That means very simply and clearly, that our patrolling vessels and planes will protect all merchant ships--not only American ships but ships of any flag--engaged in commerce in our defensive waters. They will protect them from submarines, they will protect them from surface raiders.", Leland M. Goodrich, ed., Documents on American Foreign Relations (Boston: World Peace Foundation, 1942), IV:100 (emphasis added); see also Whiteman, 5, 993-997 and Kelsen, 166n-167n for the President's address; "From now on, if German or Italian vessels of war enter the waters the protection of which are necessary for American defense, they do so at their own peril." Department of State Bulletin, vol. V, no. 116, quoted in Payson Sibley Wild, Jr., ILS XL (1940), 18-24 and see 77 for the text of the German Declaration of War.
22. Bundesarchiv-Militararchiv, Frieburg, West Germany (Federal Military Archive) PG 32046, Case 126, p. 478, entry for October 28, 1941 quoted in Herwig, 233.
23. "U.S. Destroyer Hit by Torpedos Off Iceland; Arming of U.S. Ships Voted by House, 259-138; Ships in Pacific Ordered to Safe Ports," The New York Times, 18 October 1941, 1ff; Bailey and Ryan, 197 and 205-206; see also Herwig, 231.
24. "Franklin D. Roosevelt: Address on Navy and Total Defense Day Concerning the Attack upon the U.S. Destroyer KEARNY," October 27, 1941, Department of State Bulletin, V:342-343; Senate Document No. 188, 77th Cong., 2nd Sess., 120, text also quoted in Louis W. Holborn, ed., War and Peace Aims of the United Nations: September 1, 1939--December 31, 1942 (Boston: World Peace Foundation, 1943), 55-56.
25. Abbazia, 346-349. It is noteworthy that by flying the U.S. flag as a strategem of war ODENWALD's master had made it legal for OMAHA's boarding party to come aboard. See also Janusz Piekalkiewicz, trans. by Peter Spurgeon, Sea War: 1939-1945, originally published as Seekrieg: 1939-1945, (London & New York: Tek Translation and International Print Ltd.), 172.
27. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 2nd revised and enlarged ed. (New York: Dell, 1972), 195. Although Williams is a secondary source his work provides some useful information which unfortunately is not footnoted for cross-referencing to the original. Senator Walsh certainly overstated U.S. vulnerability but his claim illustrated the growing awareness of the significance of the increasing interdependence to U.S. security.
28. Bundesarchiv-Militararchiv, Frieberg, West Germany (Federal Military Archive) PG 32048, Case 128, 83-84, entry for December 6, 1941, quoted in Herwig, 234. Apparently, a hard copy of the War Diary now exists in English in the Naval War College Archives at RG8, series III. I also owe this information to the Naval War College reviewer.