1. Admiral James D. Watkins, U.S. Navy, Chief of Naval Operations, "The Maritime Strategy," in United States Naval Institute, The Maritime Strategy (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, January 1986), 5.

2. Thucydides, History of the Pelopennesian War, trans. Rex Warner with Introduction and Notes by M.I. Finley (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1972), Book IV, chap. 4, para. 62, 301.

3. Elmar Rauch points out that "There exists a gap between the development of the law of armed conflict and the law of the sea which cannot be bridged by way of interpretation or analogy." Rauch goes on to conclude, "We are desperately in need of such a codification conference, which might best be called 'the United Nations Conference on the Law of Armed Conflict at Sea'." See Elmar Rauch, "The Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions for the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Repercussions on the Law of Naval Warfare." Report to the Committee for the Protection of Human Life in Armed Conflict of the International Society for Military Law and the Law of War, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany, July 1983, 14-15 and 145. Conversation with Professor Rubin reveals that such an effort has been considered by the International Committee of the Red Cross.

4. Kelsen, 156, 158; Tucker, 183, 197, 259; "The status of neutrality is terminated only when a neutral State resorts to war against a belligerent or when a belligerent resorts to war against a neutral." NWIP 10-2, para. 231; "Within great powers public opinion, affected by interested propaganda, sentimental preferences, juridicial ideas, and balance of power considerations, usually rapidly became unneutral and help short of war was given to the favored belligerent, often eventuating in war itself." Wright, 139.

5. Leo Gross, "The International Court of Justice: Considerations for Requirements for Enhancing Its Role in the International Legal Order," in Leo Gross, ed., The Future of the International Court of Justice (Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana, 1976), 1:36.

6. George Grafton Wilson, ILS XXXIV (1934), 70.

7. George Grafton Wilson, ed., ILS XVII (1917), 77, "Note from the Government of Costa Rica, dated 12 April 1917."

8. Ibid., 77, "Proclamation by M. Pardo, President of Peru, on 28 July 1917," 197-198.

9. Ibid., "Salvador: Attitude on the War Between the United States and Germany, October 6, 1917," 210.

10. Ibid., "Uruguay: Decree modifying neutrality regulations in case of war by American countries, June 18, 1917" from U.S. Official Bulletin No. 35, 2, at 249; 1907 Hague XIII, the "Convention Concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War", II Malloy 2352-2366, Schindler and Toman, 855-864, to which none of these states became parties, but the United States and Germany had, holds in Article 5, "Belligerents are forbidden to use neutral ports and waters as a base of operations against their adversaries."