1. Zabih, 127.

2. Stephen C. Pelletiere and Douglas V. Johnson II, Lessons Learned: The Iran-Iraq War (Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 1991), 2.

3. Gregory W. Ellison, Operational Art: The Missing Link in the Iran-Iraq War (Fort Leavenworth, KS: School of Advanced Military Studies, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, April 26, 1988), 8.

4. Ibid., 10.

5. Henry Stanhope, "Conflict liable to turn into long war of attrition," Times, October 20, 1980, 6.

6. Wright, 93.

7. Tewfik Mishlawi, "Iran puts its armed forces under unified command," Times, November 1, 1980, 4.

8. Kechichian and Sadri, "National Security," from Metz, 280.

9. Shahram Chubin and Charles Tripp, Iran and Iraq at War (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988), 43.

10. Ibid., 45.

11. James A. Bill and Robert Springborg, Politics in the Middle East, 3rd ed. (HarperCollins Publishers, 1990), 264-5.

12. Ibid.

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