1. A recent brief history of European integration notes: "The notion of a [united] Europe was part of a humanist-pacifist dream which was shattered by the conflicts which brought so much destruction to the European continent in the first half of this century. . . . In [the] postwar period, the Community was primarily seen as a way of securing peace by bringing victors and vanquished together within an institutional structure which would allow them to cooperate as equals." See Pascal Fontaine, Europe in Ten Lessons (Luxembourg: European Documentation, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities l992), 5.
2. In a recent work dealing with the larger dimension of European economic (and political) integration, the cost issue is raised in a profound, almost apocalyptic title. Patrick Minford, editor, The Cost of Europe (Manchester University Press, l992). In such a context, the cost of the alternative merits equal attention, even though it remains considerably more difficult to derive. What would have been the stream of net benefits accruing to Europe had it gone through the post World War II period without the welfare state? This is not merely an artificial but also a counterfactual question (if Europe did not exist what would be in its place?). A more interesting and narrowly focused question was treated in a White Paper published in l985 by the European Commission on the "cost of non-Europe": strictly defined as the cost of border delays, technical barriers and protectionism in the form of public procurement, it was put at almost ECU 200 billion. In the same paper, it was estimated that a single market would add five percentage points to economic growth rates and create 5 million new jobs (Fontaine, 12). If account is taken of indirect costs as well as of net positive spillovers, the "cost of non-Europe" rises even more.
3. Estimates are for l986. A Guide to the European Community, E.C. Delegation to the United States, Washington, l991, 17.
4. Data from Facts Through Figures: A Statistical Portrait of the European Union, Eurostat (Brussels and Luxembourg: Office of the Official Publications of the European Communities, l994), 16-17.
5. Facts Through Figures, 16-17.
6. The Economist, April 8th, l995, 45.
7. Economic Report of the President, February l994, 362.
8. Economic Report of the President, February l988, 374 and Economic Report of the President, February l994, 395.
10. Facts Through Figures, 8-9 and Economic Report of the President, February l994, 393.
11. For a critique of European monetary and fiscal policy under EMS, see Paul Krugman, Peddling Prosperity (W. W. Norton & Company, l994), 182-194.
12. The European Community in the Nineties, E.C. Delegation of the European Communities, Washington, l992, 17
14. "EU Aid Program in Dispute," The Washington Post, 17 February l995, A29.