McNair Paper Number 50, Chapter 13, Notes, August 1996
1. Alan Milward, War, Economy and Society: 1939-1945 (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979), 216-244
2. Jerome G. Peppers Jr., History of United States Military Logistics 1935-1985 (Huntsville: Logistics Education Foundation Publishing, 1988), 58-61. In one parachute company, women made up 85 percent of the work force.
2. Donald M. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1946), 237. Nelson also mentions the accommodations factories made in order to get women to accept employment: day care providers, housing agents, social work, etc.
3. Francis Walton, Miracle of World War II: How American Industry Made Victory Possible (New York: Macmillan, 1956), 372, 382-383. Here are the census figures: In 1940 there were 100,230,000 people 14 years of age and older in the United States. Of whom 56,030,000 were in the labor force counting the military, of whom 47,520,000 were employed and 8,120,000 unemployed and 44,200,000 were not in the labor force either keeping house, or in school, or otherwise occupied. Of the 56 million in the workforce, 41,870,000 were working males and 14,160,000 females. In 1944 there were 104,450,000 people over 14. Of that total 65,140,000 were in the labor force either as workers or in the military and 38,590,000 were not in the labor force (down less than 4 million from 1940). There were 46,520,000 males in the labor force including the military, of whom 35,460,000 were in the civilian workforce and 19,170,000 women in the civilian workforce. Male workers declined by 4.5 million (the services absorbed about 12 million men at the peak), and females increased by 5 million.
5. Harold G. Vatter, The United States Economy in World War II (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 20.
7. Leila J. Rupp, Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda 1939 to 1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 185). See also Penny Summerfield, Women Workers in the Second World War: Production and Patriarchy in Conflict (London, Croom Helm, 1984), p 29. Summerfield sets the United Kingdom female civilian work force percentage at 38 percent. James Abrahamson notes that American women earned only 65 percent of men's wages and were fired at the end of the war at twice the rate of men. The increase of women in the work force was greater in the war years than the increase in the previous four decades (James L. Abrahamson, The American Home Front (National Defense University Press, 1983), 164-165).
8. John Ellis, World War II, A Statistical Summary The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants (New York: Facts on File, 1993), 253-254, 278-279.
9. Mark Harrison, "Resource Mobilization for World War II: The U.S.A., U.K., U.S.S.R., and Germany, 1938-1945," Economic History Review XLI, no. 2 (1988): 175-177.
11. Harrison, 183-186, 189, 190. Harrison wrote: "American shipments of trucks, tractors, and tinned food provided the Red army with decisive mobility in its westward pursuit of the retreating Wehrmacht." His analysis indicates that the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union received more, in economic terms, from the United States in Lend-Lease than Germany gained from her allies and conquests.
12. Harrison, 190-191.
13. Paul A. C. Koistinen, "Warfare and Power Relations in America: Mobilizing the World War II Economy," in James Titus, ed., The Home Front and War in the Twentieth Century: The American Experience in Comparative Perspective: Proceedings of the Tenth Air Force Academy Military History Symposium (Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1984), 102-103.
15. Robert D. Cuff, commentary in James Titus, ed., The Home Front and War in the Twentieth Century: The American Experience in Comparative Perspective: Proceedings of the Tenth Air Force Academy Military History Symposium (Washington, DC: Office of Air Force Hsitory, 1984), 115-116.
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