McNair Paper Number 54, Chapter 2, Notes, October 1996

1. Commonwealth Study Group, Vulnerability: Small States in the Global Society (London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1985); Sheila Harden, ed., Small is Dangerous: Micro-states in a Macro World (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985); Colin Clarke and Tony Payne, eds., Politics, Security, and Development in Small States (London: Allen and Unwin, 1987); and William T. Tow, Subregional Security Cooperation in the Third World (Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1990).

2. Harden, Small is Dangerous, 13.

3. Commonwealth Study Group, Vulnerability, 23.

4. "Communique and Addresses-Eleventh Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community," Caricom Perspective 49, Special Supplement (July-December 1990): 6.

5. Barry Buzan, People, States, and Fear, 2nd ed. (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991), 113.

6. Robert L. Pastor, Whirlpool: United States Foreign Policy Toward Latin America and the Caribbean (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 23.

7. Josefina C. Tiryakian, "The Military and Security Dimensions of U.S. Caribbean Policy," in H. Michael Erisman, ed., The Caribbean Challenge: United States Policy in a Volatile Region (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984), 48-71; George Black, "MARE NOSTRUM: U.S. Security Policy in the English-Speaking Caribbean," NACLA Report on the Americas 19 (July/August 1985): 13-48; Dion E. Phillips, "Caribbean Militarization: A Response to the Crisis," Contemporary Marxism: 10 (1985): 92-109; Humberto Garc(a Mu(iz, Boots, Boots, Boots: Intervention, Regional Security and Militarization in the Eastern Caribbean (R(o Piedras: Caribbean Project on Justice and Peace, 1986); Jorge Rodr(guez Beruff, "U.S. Caribbean Policy and Regional Militarization," in Augusto Varas, ed., Hemispheric Security and U.S. Policy in Latin America (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), 89-120; and Jorge Rodr(guez Beruff, "Puerto Rico and the Militarization of the Caribbean, 1979-1984," Contemporary Marxism 10 (1985): 68-91.

8. Black, "MARE NOSTRUM;" GarcRa Muniz, Boots, Boots, Boots; R.A. Hudson, "Strategic and Regional Security Perspectives," in Sandra W. Meditz and Dennis M. Hanratty, eds., Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean, (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1989), 585-634; and Ivelaw L. Griffith, The Quest for Security in the Caribbean: Problems and Promises in Subordinate States, (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993).

9. Richard Sim and James Anderson, "The Caribbean Strategic Vacuum," Conflict Studies No. 121 (August 1980), 1-21; David Ronfeldt, Geopolitics, Security, and U.S. Strategy in the Caribbean Basin, Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1983; Thomas D. Anderson, Geopolitics of the Caribbean, (New York: Praeger, 1984); and Lloyd Searwar, "The Caribbean Conundrum," in Thomas G. Weiss and James Blight, eds., The Suffering Grass (Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1992), 15-38.

10. Edward Gonzalez, A Strategy for Dealing With Cuba, (Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 1982), 288.

11. See Cole Blasier, The Giants Rival: The USSR and Latin America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1983), 103-28; W. Raymond Duncan, The Soviet Union and Cuba: Interests and Influences (New York: Praeger, 1985), 169-77; and Pastor, Whirlpool. On page 223 of Whirlpool, Pastor refers to a meeting he had with Fidel Castro in January 1992 where Castro indicated that "the Soviets opposed all our support for revolution in Latin America."

12. U.S. Departments of State and Defense, Grenada Documents: An Overview and Selection (esp. Docs. 13-20) (Washington DC, 1984); Mark Adkin, Urgent Fury: The Battle for Grenada (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1989); and Anthony Payne, "The Foreign Policy of the PRG," in Jorge Heine, ed., A Revolution Aborted: The Lessons of Grenada (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991), 123-51.

13. Tiryakian, "The Military," 50.

14. See Tiryakian, "The Military;" Black, "MARE NOSTRUM," 3; Abraham F. Lowenthal, AThe United States and the Caribbean Basin: The Politics of National Insecurity," Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 8, nos. 2-3 (1986): 83-89; Hudson, "Strategic and Regional Security Perspectives"; AndrJs SerbRn, Caribbean Geopolitics: Toward Security Through Peace? (Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1990); and Lloyd Searwar, "The Caribbean Conundrum."

15. Samuel Finer, The Man on Horseback, 2nd ed. (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988), 20.

16. See his Soldiers in Politics (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1977).

17. See George Danns, Domination and Power in Guyana (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1982); George Danns, "The Role of the Military in the National Security of Guyana," in Alma H. Young and Dion E. Phillips, eds., Militarization in the Non-Hispanic Caribbean (Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1986), 112-38; and Pablo Mari(ez, "The Armed Forces in the Dominican Republic: Professionalization and Politicization," in Jorge RodrRguez Beruff et al., eds., Conflict, Peace, and Development in the Caribbean (London: Macmillan, 1991), 81-109.

18. See Ivelaw L. Griffith, "The Military and the Politics of Change in Guyana," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 33 (Summer 1991): 141-73.

19. Black, "MARE NOSTRUM"; Garc(a Mu(iz, Boots, Boots, Boots; Dion E. Phillips, "The Increasing Emphasis on Security and Defense in the Eastern Caribbean," in Young and Phillips, Militarization in the Non-Hispanic Caribbean, 42-64; Leslie Manigat, "The Setting: Crisis, Ideology, and Geopolitics," in Jorge Heine and Leslie Manigat, eds., The Caribbean and World Politics (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1988), 25-74; and Griffith, The Quest for Security in the Caribbean.

20. Young and Phillips, Militarization in the Non-Hispanic Caribbean.

21. Anthony P. Maingot, "The United States in the Caribbean: Geopolitical Realities and the Bargaining Capacity of Small States," in Anthony T. Bryan et al., eds., Peace, Development and Security in the Caribbean (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990), 246-49; Anthony P. Maingot, "The English-Speaking Caribbean and Hemispheric Security: The Lessons of Grenada," in Georges Fauriol, ed., Security in the Americas (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1989), 73-79.

22. Maingot, "The English-Speaking Caribbean and Hemispheric Security," 246, 249.

23. Maingot, "The United States in the Caribbean," 74; Maingot, "The English-Speaking Caribbean and Hemispheric Security," 246.

24. See, for example, Miles Wolpin, Militarization and Counterrevolution in the Third World (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1972); Jagat S. Mehta, ed., Third World Militarization (Austin: LBJ School of Public Affairs, 1985); and Augusto Varas, Militarization and the International Arms Race in Latin America (Boulder: Westview, 1985).

25. "Nicaragua Discontinues Case Against Honduras," UN Chronicle 29 (September 1992), 78.

26. See Adkin, Urgent Fury.

27. Vaughan A. Lewis, "Small States, Eastern Caribbean Security, and the Grenada Intervention," in Heine, A Revolution Aborted: The Lessons of Grenada, 25-63.

28. See "A Transcript of Bush's Address on the Decision to Use Force in Panama," New York Times, December 21, 1989, A19.

29. Larry Rohter, "Noriega Sentenced to 40 Years in Jail on Drug Charges," New York Times, July 11, 1992, 1, 8.

30. Peter Kornbluh, "Nicaragua: U.S. Proinsurgency Warfare Against the Sandinistas," in Michael T. Klare and Peter Kornbluh ,eds., Low-Intensity Warfare (New York: Pantheon Books, 1987), 136-57.

31. Herbert W. Briggs, "The International Court of Justice Lives up to Its Name," American Journal of International Law 81 (January 1987): 79.

32. See American Journal of International Law 68 (January 1992): 173-74.

33. For more on these cases, see Anthony P. Maingot, "Haiti: Problems of a Transition to Democracy in an Authoritarian Soft State," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 28 (Winter 1986-87): 75-102; Betty Sedoc-Dahlberg, AInterest Groups and the Military Regime in Suriname," in Young and Phillips, Militarization in the Non-Hispanic Caribbean, 90-111; Scott B. MacDonald, "Insurrection and Redemocratization in Suriname?: The "scendancy of the 'Third Path'," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 30 (Spring 1988): 105-32; Griffith, "The Military and the Politics of Change in Guyana"; Heine, A Revolution Aborted; and Perry Mars, Foreign Influence and Political Conflict in the Post-Colonial Caribbean, Working Paper No. 133, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, 1992.

34. Aaron Segal, "The Caribbean: Small is Scary," Current History 90 (March 1991): 107.

35. Government of Belize, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, press release, September 11, 1991.