1. Although combat operations were suspended at midnight on 27 February 1991, following the liberation of Kuwait, the postwar measures which Iraq was required to fulfill in order for the sanctions to be lifted were not announced until 3 April 1991 when the Council issued Resolution 687. Accordingly, this later date is when the sanctions began an entirely new Phase II, designed to achieve distinctly different objectives from those under Phase I.
2. U.N. Security Council. "Resolution 660 (1990) [Condemnation of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and demand of an immediate withdrawal]" (S/Res/660), 2 August 1990. (From The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996, "The United Nations Blue Books Series," Volume IX, 167).
3. "Blocking Iraqi Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Iraq" and "Blocking Kuwaiti Government Property," (Executive Orders 12722 and 12723 of 2 August 1990), Code of Federal Regulations, Title 3, 294-296, 1990 Ed.; Federal Register 55:150, 31803-31805. Under E.O. 12722, in accord with the requirements of the NEA, President Bush found "that the policies and actions of the government of Iraq constitute an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States and hereby declare a national emergency to deal with that threat." The national emergency declared in E.O. 12723 was similar, but related specifically to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.
4. OFAC regulations implementing the current sanctions against Iraq are published in Part 575 of Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
5. All transactions related to travel to Iraq by U.S. persons and permanent residents in the United States were prohibited except for journalistic activities by accredited newspersons but, as mentioned earlier, it was not until 1994 that the IEEPA was amended to exempt travel by U.S. persons from restrictions under peacetime national emergencies.
6. U.N. Security Council. "Resolution 661 [Imposing mandatory economic sanctions against Iraq and establishing a committee (the "Sanctions Committee") to monitor those sanctions]" (S/Res/661). 6 August 1990 (from U.N. Blue Books Series, cit. supra note 2, 168).
7. "President Bush’s Address to the Nation" (8 August 1990), Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 26:32, 1217 and Andrew Rosenthal, "Bush Sends U.S. Force to Saudi Arabia As Kingdom Agrees to Confront Iraq," The New York Times, 8 August 1990, A-1, A-8.
8. In this Report, President Bush told the Congress: "I do not believe involvement in hostilities is imminent, to the contrary, it is my belief that this deployment will facilitate a peaceful resolution of the crisis," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 26:32, 1225.
9. U.N. Security Council. "Resolution 662 (1990) [Deciding that the annexation of Kuwait by Iraq under any form is considered null and void]" (S/Res/662). 9 August 1990 (from U.N. Blue Books Series, cit. supra note 2, 169).
10. "Blocking Iraqi Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Iraq" and "Blocking Kuwaiti Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Kuwait" (Executive Orders 12724 and 12725 of 9 August 1990), Code of Federal Regulations, Title 3, 297-301; (55 F.R. 33089-33091).
11. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 26:32, 1223.
12. Ann Devroy, David Hoffman, "Bush Says U.N. Sanctions Must Be Enforced To Isolate Iraq," The Washington Post, 7 August 1990, A-9, A-15. At a press conference on 10 August 1990, President Bush reiterated his determination to enforce the U.N. embargo, but said that he was not prepared to use the word "blockade." See Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 26:36, 1317. When asked on the following day why he was avoiding the word "blockade," the President replied that he believed that the United States had the authority under Chapter VII of the Charter to stop ships at sea, but that "there may be some difference of opinion on that." Ibid., 26:33, 1243.
13. Announcement by Press Secretary Marlin Fitzwater, Ibid. Also see, Michael R. Gordon, "Bush Orders Navy to Halt All Shipments of Iraq’s Oil and Almost All Its Imports - Word ‘Blockade’ Avoided to Sidestep Question of New U.N. Vote," The New York Times, 13 August 1990, A-1, A-8; Clifford James "And Now the ‘B’ Word (Do Not Say Blockade)," Ibid., A-8; and Thomas L. Friedman, "Ships Turn Away from Ports as Iraq Embargo Tightens," The New York Times, 14 August 1990, A-1, A-8. The original order for the naval enforcement was issued on August 11 referring to it as a "quarantine," but even that term was considered too inflamatory in light of the 1962 Cuban missile crisis. Accordingly, the original order was cancelled and a new one issued on August 15 which referred to the naval enforcement as "interception" operations.
14. U.N. Security Council. "Letter from the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iraq to the Secretary-General concerning Security Council resolutions on Iraq and Kuwait" (S/21503), 13 August 1990 (from U.N. Blue Books Series, cit. supra, note 2, 170-171).
15. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 26:33, 1244.
16. Patrick E. Tyler and Al Kymen, "American Blockade is Criticized at U.N.," The Washington Post, 14 August 1990, A-1, A-17. At his press conference on August 14 President Bush defended the legality of his interdiction program as an act of collective self defense under Article 51 of the Charter (See Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 26:33, 1247).
17. Eugene V. Rostow, "Disputes Involving the Inherent Right of Self Defense," in Lori Damrosch, ed., The International Court of Justice at the Crossroads (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Transnational Pub., 1987), 275.
18. R.W. Apple Jr., "Bush Threatens a Blockade of Jordan Port Aiding Iraq," The New York Times, 15 August 1990, A-1, A-18. Also see Patrick E. Tyler, "Bush Offers Aid to Jordan, if Iraq Embargo Honored," The Washington Post, 15 August 1990, A-1.
19. Article 18 of the Declaration Concerning the Laws of Naval Warfare, London Conference of 1908 and 1909, in Raymond J. Celada, cit. supra note 3 to Introduction, 2.
20. "U.N. Blue Books Series," cit. supra, note 2, paragraphs 50-52, pp. 19-20 and paragraphs 349-352, pp. 109-110.
21. U.N. Security Council, "Letter dated 16 August 1990, from the Charge D’Affaires A.I. of the United States Mission to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council" (S/21537), 16 August 1990.
22. Press Conference of 16 August 1990, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 26:33, 1259. See also, Dan Balz and David Hoffman, "Navy Ordered to Begin Intercepting Iraq Trade - Jordan to Join Gulf Embargo Bush Asserts," The Washington Post, 17 August 1990, A-1, A-23.
23. Quoted by Ellen C. Collier in "The War Powers Resolution: Twenty Years of Experience," Congressional Research Service 1994, f.n. 56, 28.
24. Mollie Moore, "U.S. Delays Action Against Iraqi Tankers," The Washington Post, Aug. 20, 1990, A-1, A-16. The United States allegedly received assurances from the Government of Yemen that the Iraqi tankers would not be allowed to unload their oil in Aden. On August 22, when President Bush was asked why these vessels had been allowed to proceed after ignoring warning shots to stop, he replied that he believed that the United States had all the authority it needed to stop these vessels, but that he might give the United Nations a little more time to expressly authorize the enforcement of the sanctions before taking further steps. See Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 26:34, 1282.
25. William Claiborne, "U.S. Ships Fire Warning Shots at Iraqi Tankers - Baghdad Escalates Threats Against Foreigners," The Washington Post, 19 August 1990, A-1, A-30.
26. "Transcript of News Session by President Bush and 2 Officials on Mideast," The New York Times, 23 August 1990, A-16, 17.
27. Department of State, "Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War," 1955, TIAS no. 3365, United States Treaties and Other International Agreements, vol. 6, pt. 3, Articles 35, 37, and 42, 6 US TS 3516. See also Spencer Rich "Rules on Detainees’ Treatment Depend on Whether War Exists," The Washington Post, 20 August 1990, A-16.
28. U.N. Security Council. "Resolution 664 (1990) [Demanding that Iraq permit the departure of third-State nationals from Kuwait and Iraq]" (S/Res/664). 18 August 1990 (from U.N. Blue Books Series, cit. supra note 2, 171).
29. William Drodziac, "Use of Force Authorized by France - Shift Follows Report of Citizen Detentions," The Washington Post, 19 August 1990, A-15.
30. William Drozdiak, "Europeans to Boost Mid East Naval Force in Sanctions Effort," The Washington Post, 22 August 1990, A-23, 24.
31. Eric Pace, "U.N. Calls on Navies to Block Iraq’s Trade; Resolution Permits Use of Force, U.S. Says," The New York Times, 26 August 1990, A-1, 15.
32. U.N. Security Council. "Resolution 665 (1990) [Expanding the sanctions against Iraq and authorizing maritime forces to take "commensurate" measures to ensure strict compliance]" (S/Res/665). 25 August 1990 (from U.N. Blue Books Series, cit. supra note 2, 171-172). Also see Elaine Sciolino with Eric Pace, "Putting Teeth in an Embargo: How U.S. Convinced the U.N.," The New York Times, 30 August 1990, A-1, 15.
33. John M. Goshko, "U.N. Approves Use of Force for Iraqi Embargo," The Washington Post, 26 August 1990, A1,24.
34. Andrew Rosenthal, "Iraq is Said to Order Ships not to Oppose Inspection," The New York Times, 28 August 1990, A-1, 12.
35. Steve Coll, "Smugglers Seek to By-Pass Sanctions," The Washington Post, 1 September 1990, A-1, 28.
36. Keith Bradsher, "Stretching Food in Iraq: Rationing, and Feed Grain Bread," The New York Times, 1 September 1990, A-4.
37. R. W. Apple Jr., "Bush Briefs Legislators on Crisis and They Back His Gulf Strategy," The New York Times, 29 August 1990, A-1.
38. Andrew Rosenthal, "U.S. Says Gulf Moves’ Cost Will Far Exceed $25 Billion," The New York Times, 1 September 1990, A-5.
39. Thomas L. Friedman, "Deposed Kuwaiti Offers $5 Billion for Gulf Effort," The New York Times, 8 September 1990, A-1, 4.
40. Joseph B. Treaster, "Hussein Hardens Line, Says Sanctions Deprive Children of Milk," The New York Times, 6 September 1990, A-19.
41. Eric Schmidt, "Cracks Appear in Embargo as Several Nations Discuss Relief for Iraq and Kuwait," The New York Times, 7 September 1990, A-1, A-8 and Sanjoy Hazarica, "India Insists on Gulf Refugee Aid While Supporting Embargo," The New York Times, 8 September 1990, A-6.
42. Reuters, "Iraq Rejects Red Cross Offer on Food Aid and Foreigners," The New York Times, 9 September 1990, A-15.
43. See Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 26:37, 1344.
44. U.N. Security Council. "Resolution 666 (1990) [Requesting the Council’s Sanctions Committee to determine whether there is an urgent humanitarian need to supply foodstuffs to Iraq or Kuwait]" (S/Res/666). 13 September 1990 (from U.N. Blue Book Series, cit. supra, note 2, 172).
45. Article 23, 1949 Geneva Convention, cit. supra, note 27.
46. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 26:37, 1395.
48. U.N. Security Council. "Resolution 670 (1990) [Calling for strict compliance with the sanctions against Iraq and confirming that these sanctions apply to all means of transport, including aircraft]" (S/Res/670). 25 September 1990 (from U.N. Blue Books Series, cit. supra, note 2, 174-175).
49. Department of State, "International Convention on Civil Aviation," 7 December 1944, TIAS no. 1591, United States Treaties and Other International Agreements.
50. Paul Lewis, "Security Council Adds Air Embargo to Iraq Sanctions," The New York Times, 26 September 1990, A-1.
51. Andrew Rosenthal, "Sacking of Kuwait Is Pressuring U.S.," The New York Times, 29 September 1990, A-1.
52. The Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 26:41, 1554.
55. "Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act 1991" (P.L. 101-513, 5 November 1990), Sections 586-587J, 104 Stat. 2047-2055, 50 USCA note 1701.
56. Department of State Public Notice 1264 "Determination Iraq," Federal Register 55:178 (13 September 1990), 37793.
57. The Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 26:45, 1792.
60. U.N. Security Council. "Resolution 678 (1990) [Authorizing Member States to use "all necessary means to uphold and implement" the Council’s resolutions on the Kuwaiti situation unless Iraq fully complies with those resolutions on or before 15 January 1991] (S/Res/678). 29 November 1990 (from U.N. Blue Books Series, cit. supra note 2, 178).
61. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 26:49, 1977.
64. The President’s letter of 8 January 1991, Ibid., 27:2, 17-18.
66. "Authorization for the Use of Military force Against Iraq" (H.J.Res. 77, P.L. 102-1, Jan. 14, 1991), 105 Stat. 3 (1991); 50 USCA note 1541.
67. Signing Statement on H.J. Res. 77, 14 January 1991, U.S. Code Congressional & Adm. News, 102nd Cong., 1st sess., 1991, vol. 2, 3.
68. U.N. Security Council. "Statement by the Secretary-General to the Press on 15 January 1991" (S/22091). 17 January 1991 (from U.N. Blue Books Series, cit. supra note 2, 179).
69. "Letter to Congressional Leaders Transmitting a Report Pursuant to the Resolution Authorizing the Use of Force Against Iraq" (16 January 1991), 42. In Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George Bush, 1991 - Volume I. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1992.
70. President’s Statement on Allied Military Action in the Persian Gulf, Ibid.
71. "The United States Navy in ‘Desert Storm’ ‘Desert Shield’," Department of the Navy, Office of the CNO, Washington D.C., 15 May 1991.
72. U.N. Security Council. "Resolution 686 (1991) [Taking note of the suspension of offensive combat operations and demanding that Iraq implement all 12 relevant Security Council resolutions]" (S/Res/686). 2 March 1991 (U.N. Blue Books Series, cit. supra note 2, 182-183).
73. U.N. Security Council. "Identical letters from the Deputy Prime Minister and the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iraq to the President of the Security Council and to the Secretary General, agreeing to fulfill Security Council Resolution 686 (1991)" (S/22320 and S/22321). 3 March 1991 (U.N. Blue Books Series, cit. supra note 2, 183-184).
74. U.N. Security Council. "Statement by the President of the Security Council concerning humanitarian assistance to those affected in the conflict" (S/22322). 3 March 1991 (U.N. Blue Books Series, cit. supra note 2, 184).
75. This observer unit under U.N. command, known as the United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM) was established by the Council a few days after it issued Resolution 687.
76. The U.N. Compensation Fund and the U.N. Compensation Commission were established by the Council on 20 May 1991 under Resolution 692, based on a report of the Secretary General. See S/Res 692(1991), 20 May 1991, "U.N. Blue Books Series," cit. supra, note 2, 255. Iraq denounced it as another violation of international law committed by the Council under pressure from the United States Based on the volume of Iraq’s anticipated oil production and the market price of oil, the Secretary General had estimated that Iraq’s imports of necessities would absorb approximately 48% of its annual oil export earnings. Since payments on its foreign debt would absorb another 22% of these earnings, it would leave no more than 30% of the annual value of Iraq’s oil exports for the Compensation Fund. This ceiling on Iraq’s future annual contributions to the Fund was endorsed by the Council on August 15, under Resolution 705.
77. Such imports had already been allowed by the Sanctions Committee on 22 March 1991. The Secretary General’s fact-finding mission had reported on 20 March that it had found a crisis throughout Iraq in agriculture, food, water, sanitation and health, and that immediate humanitarian needs in these fields could not be remedied without also supplying Iraq with energy on an emergency basis, in the form of fuel and other power sources and of equipment for the limited repair of oil refining and electric production facilities. See Report on humanitarian needs in Iraq in the immediate post-crisis environment by a mission to the area led by the Under-Secretary-General for Administration and Management, S/22366, 20 March 1991, "U.N Blue Books Series," cit. supra note 2, 186-188. On 22 March, on the basis of this report, the Sanctions Committee determined that humanitarian circumstances applied "with respect to the entire civilian population of Iraq in all parts of Iraq’s national territory," and that the imports identified in this report as essential to civilian needs would be allowed immediately into Iraq, noting that the United Nations had received assurances from the Government of Iraq that it would allow on-the-spot monitoring of the use of such imports for the benefit of the civilian population. See S/22400, 22 March 1991, Ibid., 188-189.
78. U.N. Security Council. "Resolution 687 (1991) [On establishing detailed measures for a cease-fire in the Gulf War]" (S/Res/687), 3 April 1991, "U.N. Blue Books Series," cit. supra note 2, 193-198.
79. Identical letters from the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iraq to the President of the Security Council and to the Secretary General stating that Iraq has no choice but to accept the provisions of Security Council Resolution 687, S/22456, 6 April 1991, "U.N. Blue Books Series," cit. supra note 2, 203-206.
80. S/22660, 2 June 1991, "Report of the Secretary General Proposing Guidelines and Mechanisms for Full International Implementation of the Arms Embargo and Related Sanctions Against Iraq," and S/Res/700 (1991), 17 June 1991. Ibid. 261-264, 268.
The United Nations intended that even after all of Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction and long range missile delivery systems had been eliminated and economic sanctions had been lifted, there would be an import-export monitoring mechanism for dual-use items to ensure that Iraq would never again acquire or produce such weapons and missiles. See S/22904, Statement dated 5 August 1991, by the President of the Security Council concerning the sanctions regime. Ibid., 283.
81. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George H. Bush 1991 - vol.II (Washington: Government Printing Office 1992), 860.
82. S/Res/706, 15 August 1991, and S/Res/712, 19 September 1991, "U.N. Blue Books Series," cit. supra note 2, 285-286 and 308-309.
83. Public Papers of Presidents, cit. supra note 81, 1292.
84. Statement by the President of the Security Council concerning the sanctions regime imposed against Iraq, Iraq’s compliance with Security Council resolution 687 (1991) and humanitarian conditions of the civilian population in Iraq, S23517, 5 February 1992 "U.N. Blue Books Series," cit. supra note 2, 390-391. In October 1992, the Council determined, as an interim measure, to urge members holding frozen assets from sales of Iraqi oil paid for after 6 August 1990 (when the Council imposed the sanctions) to report their holdings from such sales, and for each State to transfer up to $200 million of these assets into the U.N. escrow account, provided that no State would be required to transfer more than 50 percent of the total contributions to that escrow account. See S/Res/778, 2 October 1992, Ibid., 478-480. Pursuant to EO No. 12817 of 21 October 1992, implementing Resolution 778, the U.S. OFAC established a special blocked account to segregate payments made after 6 August 1990 on sales of Iraqi oil. Out of the $637.4 million in proceeds from such sales that were thus segregated by OFAC, cumulative U.S. transfers into the U.N. escrow account reached the $200 million ceiling on 21 December 1995, thereby fully satisfying the U.S. commitment under Resolution 778. After 1992, no additional assets were likely to be identified or transferred into the escrow account by any member State, and the aggregate amounts previously transferred were grossly insufficient to meet the needs of the United Nations. For example, as of July 1996 the U.N. Compensation Commission had issued more than 850,000 awards with an aggregate value of over $3.3 billion to victims of Iraq’s aggression, but had been unable to authorize payment of more than $13.5 million because of insufficient resources in the U.N. Compensation Fund. In short, the transfer of these frozen Iraqi assets did not eliminate the need for raising additional funds through sales of Iraqi oil.
85. S/Res/986 (1995), 14 April 1995, "U.N. Blue Books Series," cit. supra note 2, 754-756.
86. Letter dated 1 June 1995, from the Secretary General to the President of the Security Council concerning resolution 986 (1995) S/1995/495, 19 June 1995, Ibid., 757.
87. A/Res/50/191, 22 December 1995, Ibid., 821-822; "Letter from the Secretary General to the Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq inviting Iraq to enter into discussions on implementation of Security Council resolution 986 (1995)." Ibid., 823.
88. S/1996/356, 20 May 1996. Under this Memorandum, the Government of Iraq would be allowed to carry out the purchase and distribution of medicine, health supplies, foodstuffs, and materials and supplies for the essential civilian needs of the Iraqi population, except in the three northern governorates of Arbil, Dahuk, and Sulaymaniyah, (the Kurdish-populated area) where purchasing and distribution would be carried out by the United Nations. See also President Clinton’s "Letter to the Congressional Leaders on Iraq," 8 July 1996, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, vol. 32, No. 28, 1206-1208. In preparation for implementation of the "oil for food" program, OFAC amended the Iraqi Sanctions Regulations on 10 July 1996 (Federal Register 61:135 (12 July 1996), 36627).
89. Barbara Crossette, "U.S. Blocks a Plan to Allow Iraq to Sell $2 Billion in Oil," The New York Times, 1 August 1996, A-8.
90. Thomas L. Friedman, "Follow the Money," The New York Times, 13 October 1996, E-13.
91. "Baghdad Signs Oil Contracts," The Washington Post, 3 December 1996, A-21; "U.N. Oil Plan Causes Cheaper Food in Iraq," The Washington Post, 25 March 1997, A-14.
92. Resolution 986, cit. supra note 85; Memorandum of Understanding, cit. supra note 88.
93. When this 611-mile pipeline was closed in 1990 about 12 million barrels of crude remained therein, including 8.2 million barrels still belonging to Iraq. Turkey did not pump this oil and dispose of it, because it wanted Iraq to resume using the pipeline and to pay Turkey user fees when the embargo was eventually lifted. However, this stagnant oil began to deteriorate over the years and its growing acid content was corroding the pipeline. In June of 1994 the Turkish Government was finally authorized by the United Nations, as a one-time exception to the oil embargo, to flush the pipeline with fresh Iraqi oil and to dispose of the old oil in the Turkish market, the proceeds of this sale to go to Iraq in the form of food and medicines. See Thomas W. Lippman, "U.S. Agrees to Release Iraqi Crude Oil," The Washington Post, 8 June, 1994, A-16.
94. Ann Reifenberg, "Oil Prices Shrug Off Start of Iraqi Crude Exports" The Wall Street Journal, 10 December 1996, C-21.
95. "Saddam Turns On Iraq’s Oil-Export Pipeline," The Washington Post, 11 December 1996, A-18.
96. Youssef M. Ibrahim, "Saudi With Key Role in War Calls for End to Iraqi Sanctions," The New York Times, 14 December 1995, A-3.
97. Mary C. Smith Fawzi and Sarah Zaidi "Sanctions, Saddam and Silence : Child Malnutrition and Mortality in Iraq," The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, January 1996, at 13, 14; Barbara Crossette, "Iraq Sanctions Kill Children, U.N. Reports," The New York Times, 1 December 95, A-9.
98. Milton Leitenberg, "Blood Libel Against the United Nations," The Washington Post, 19 June 1996, A-18.
99. See, for example, Julia Preston, "U.S. Wins Votes to Keep Iraq Oil Ban" The Washington Post, 5 March 1995, A-1, A-30.
100. Zbigniew Brzezinski , Brent Scowcroft, and Richard Murphy, "Differentiated Containment", Foreign Affairs, May -June 1997, at 20. See also, Reuter, "Ex-Advisers Urge U.S. to Ease Iran, Iraq Sanctions", The Washington Post, 19 April 1997, A-17.
101. Captain Robert F. Duncan USCG who participated in the maritime interception operations in the Persian Gulf aboard the USS LASALLE, illustrated the perils of inspecting containers at sea, even when these were "accessible," in the following personal anecdote: "The author vividly recalls breaking the seal, with large bolt cutters, on a top row container three stories high, while standing on the top of a ladder, carefully swinging open the doors, and seeing an almost solid wall of soft drink cans shift toward him. With the temperature outside the container above 100 F, that slight agitation was sufficient to cause several cans to burst, adding to the growing belief that this adventure would not have a happy ending for him, personally." Luckily, Captain Duncan escaped injury from what, with the exploding cans, must have been a "sticky" predicament. He is currently Commander of the U.S. Coast Guard Group at Woods Hole Mass. and contributed considerably to my understanding of the maritime enforcement of the sanctions against Iraq by graciously providing me with a copy of his paper "Legal Aspects of Maritime Interception Operations; A Practitioner’s Perspective," Paper submitted at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Law Schools, (1995). See f.n.71, at 21.
102. John M. Goshko, "U.S., Jordan Set New Inspection System," The Washington Post, 26 April 1994, A-7; See also Steven Greenhouse, "U.S. Accepts Jordan Plea On Iraq Trade," The New York Times, April 26, 1994, A-10.
103. Amy Kaslow, "U.S. Turns Blind Eye To Jordan’s Breach Of Sanctions on Iraq," and "In Peace Bid, U.S. Eases Grip on Jordan Trade," The Christian Science Monitor, 18 July 1994, A-1, A-14, and 19 July 1994, A-1
104. Jordan News Agency, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) NES-96-242, 16 December 1996.
105. President Clinton’s 8 July 1996 "Letter to the Congressional Leaders on Iraq," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, cit. supra note 88, 1207.
106. Youssef M. Ibrahim, "Iraq Said To Sell Oil In Secret Plan To Skirt U.N. Ban," The New York Times, 16 February 1995, A-1, A6.
107. Patrick Clawson, "How Has Saddam Hussein Survived?" National Defense University, McNair Paper 22, August 1993, at 48,49; see also, P.V.Vivekan and Al-Mu’ashshir, "Trade with Iraq: Officials Planning Visit," Jordan Times (English Ed.) 3 November 1996.
108. John Lancaster, "Boom Amid Embargo," The Washington Post, 16 May 1995, A-10.
109. "Friends Again?," U.S. News & World Report, 28 October 1996, 19.
110. "Iranian-Iraqi Cooperation," The Washington Post, 12 February, 1997, A-29; "U.S. Admiral Says Iraq, Aided by Iran, Is Selling Oil Despite Ban," The New York Times, 12 February 1997, A-7.
111. "Iraq diverting food money to other uses, envoy says." The Baltimore Sun, 6 March 1997, 15-A
112. See "Iraq produced nerve agent; U.N. doubts it was destroyed." The Baltimore Sun, 4 March 1997, 8-A
113. Edward Mortimer, "Means to an End," The Financial Times, 12 March 1997, 12; James Morrison, "Topple Saddam" The Washington Times, 25 March 1997, 12; Thomas W. Lippman, "Albright Says U.S. Is Adamant About Maintaining Sanctions Against Saddam’s Iraq," The Washington Post, 27 March 1997, A-28.