1. Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Jeffrey J. Schott, and Kimberly Ann Elliott, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 2d. Ed. (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1990), 4.

2. Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice, signed at San Francisco, 26 June 1945, effective 24 October 1945, 59 Stat. 1031. Chapter VI of the Charter is entitled "Pacific Settlement of Disputes" and comprises Articles 33 through 38. Military peacekeeping operations under Chapter VI do not involve the use of force, except when required in self defense, and are operations normally conducted at the invitation or with the consent of the parties to the dispute. Some recent peacekeeping operations have assumed a more belligerent character, when the initial consent has eroded, fighting has resumed, and the peacekeeping forces have become peace enforcers rather than mere observers. These have beeen jocularly referred to as "Chapter VI and a Half" operations, but nevertheless are not to be confused with the military enforcement of economic sanctions under Chapter VII of the Charter which is the subject of this paper. Chapter VII is entitled "Actions with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression" and comprises Articles 39 through 51, whereas Chapter VIII, entitled "Regional Arrangements" comprises Articles 52 through 54. All these provisions are discussed in the Annex to this paper.

3. Raymond J. Celada, "Blockade: Some International and Domestic Legal Implications," Congressional Research Service, 1990.

4. Ibid.

5. "United Nations Participation Act of 1945," P.L. 264, 20 December 1945, 59 Stat.619, codified as amended, 22 USCA 287 et seq.

6. Article 41 of the Charter relates to sanctions imposed by the Council, but not to their enforcement through military force. Authorization to use military force is provided for in Article 42. See the Annex to this paper for a discussion of these provisions.

7. H. Rept. 95-59, 1977 U.S. Code Cong.& Adm. News 18-19.

8. "Trading with the Enemy Act," P.L. 91, 6 October 1917, Section 5(b), 40 Stat. 415, codified as amended, 50 USCA App. 1 et seq.

9. P.L. 95-223 (28 December 1977), Sections 101-103, 91 Stat. 1625-1626.

10. Ibid., Sections 202-208, 91 Stat. 1626-1629, 50 USCA 1701-1706.

11. Ibid., Section 202, 50 USCA 1701.

12. Ibid., Section 204, 50 USCA 1703.

13. "National Emergencies Act" P.L. 94-412, 14 September 1976, Section 202, 90 Stat. 1255, as amended by P.L. 99-93, 16 August 1985, Section 801, 99 Stat. 448, 50 USCA 1622. The withdrawal provisions of "The War Powers Resolution" and the constitutional issue raised when Congress seeks to overrule the President by Concurrent Resolution are discussed in the Annex to this paper.

14. P.L. 100-418, 23 August 1988, Section 2502, 102 Stat. 1107.

15. P.L. 103-236, 30 April 1994, Section 525, 108 Stat. 474-475; 1994 U.S. Code Cong.& Adm. News, 482-483.