NOTES
1. Sun Tzu, The Art of War, ed. and trans. Samuel B. Griffith (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963, 78).
2. Associated Press dispatch, New York Times, February 8, 1968, 14.
3. Albert Wohlstetter, "The Delicate Balance of Terror," in Problems of National Strategy, ed. Henry A. Kissinger (New York: Praeger, 1965, 34-58).
4. Curtis E. LeMay, Mission With LeMay: My Story (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1965), 565.
5. FM 5-33: Terrain Analysis (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, July 1990), 2-1 through 2-3; B. Bruce-Briggs, "Suburban Warfare," Military Review 54, no. 6 (June 1974): 8-9.
6. FM 90-10: Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, August 15, 1979), 1-4 and 1-5; FM 30-10: Terrain Analysis, March 27, 1972, 112-113, 116-117 (superseded by FM 5-33, same title, July 1990, but contains better information about urbanization); Patrick O'Sullivan, Terrain and Tactics (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), 147.
7. FM 30-10: Terrain Analysis, March 27, 1972, 115-117. For detailed outlines, see National Intelligence Survey, section 25, Urban Areas and Supplement IV, Urban Areas, available in the Defense Intelligence Agency classified library.
8. "Mega Cities," Washington Post, June 8, 1996, A17; Lewis Mumford, The City in History: Its Origins, Transformations, and Its Prospects (New York: Harcourt-Brace, 1968).
9. B. Bruce-Briggs, "Suburban Warfare," 4-5; FM 90-10: Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain, 1-2 and 1-3.
10. Trevor N. Dupuy, A Genius for War: The German Army and General Staff, 1807-1945 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977), 130-145.
11. Paul Bracken, "Urban Sprawl and NATO Defense," Survival (November/December 1976): 254-260; John W. Burbery, "Perspectives and Patterns," Military Review 58, no. 3 (March 1978): 3-10. For rebuttals to FM 90-10: Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain, 1-6 through 1-10, and B. Bruce-Briggs, "Suburban Warfare," 9-10. Also see Patrick O'Sullivan, "Military Analysis of Urban Terrain," The Professional Geographer (August 1986): 286-290.
12. The Holy Bible, Book of Joshua, Chapter VI; Yigal Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, vol. 1 (Norwich, England: Jarrold and Sons, 1963), 16-24, 32-35.
13. Martin Blumenson, Mark Clark (New York: Congdon and Weed, 1984), 213-216.
14. Alistair Horne, To Lose a Battle: France, 1940 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), 94, 381-394, 561-564, 573. Open city declared, 562.
15. Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Is Paris Burning? (New York: Pocket Books, 1965), 25-29, 79-80, 195-197, 275-280, 301-303, 316-320.
16. Rafael Steinberg, Return to the Philippines (New York: Time-Life Books, 1979), 107, 114-121, 134-149.
17. Christopher Duffy, Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World, 1494-1660 (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), and Fire and Stone: The Science of Fortress Warfare, 1660-1860 (London, David and Charles, 1975).
18. J. Bowyer Bell, Besieged: Seven Cities Under Siege (New York: Chilton Books, 1966).
19. Rudolf Böhmler and Werner Haupt, The German Paratroops, 1939-1945, rev. ed. (New Malden, Surrey, United Kingdom: Altmark Publishing, 1971), 218-220, 224-225.
20. Leon Gouré, The Siege of Leningrad (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1962). For Zhadnov's quotation, see Alexander Werth, Russia At War, 1941-1945 (New York: E. P. Dutton and Co. 1964), 305.
21. Ann and John Tusa, The Berlin Airlift (New York: Athenium, 1988); Avi Shalaim, The United States and the Berlin Blockade, 1948-1949: A Study in Crisis Decision-Making (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1983).
22. John W. Hendrix, "A Perspective on Military Operations on Urban Terrain," Infantry (November-December 1995): 1-2; T. R. Milton, Jr., "Urban Operations: Future War," Military Review 74, no. 2 (February 1994): 37-46.
23. V. E. Tarrant, Stalingrad: The Anatomy of an Agony (New York: Hippocene Books, 1992).
24. Roy E. Appleman, South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (June 1950-November 1950) (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, Office of the Chief of Military History, 1961), 30-36, 515-541; Billy C. Mossman, Ebb and Flow, November 1950-July 1951 (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, Center of Military History), 192-208, 328-330.
25. Keith William Nolan, Battle for Hué: Tet, 1968 (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1983).
26. FM 90-10: Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain, appendices A, C-E; C. N. Donnelly, "Soviet Techniques for Combat in Built-up Areas," Military Review (November 1977): 37-48; Patrick O'Sullivan and Jesse W. Miller, Jr., The Geography of Warfare (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983), 131-135; Bruce-Briggs, "Suburban Warfare," 8-10.
27. O'Sullivan, Terrain and Tactics, 141-146; Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 309-310.
28. Adolf Carlson, "Tanks in Urban Combat," Armor (March-April 1981): 30-31, 33-35; FM 90-10: Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain, F-1.
29. Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 281-368.
30. Carlson, "Tanks in Urban Combat," 31-32, 35-36; FM 90-10, 4-1 through 4-3, 4-7 and 4-8, B-10, C-1
31. FM 90-10, B-6 through B-10.
33. Ibid., 1-10, 5-1, 5-5 through 5-8; J. Lawton Collins, War in Peacetime: The History and Lessons of Korea (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 109.
34. Ralph Peters, "Our Soldiers, Their Cities," Parameters 26, no. 1 (Spring 1996): 43-50; Hendrix, "A Perspective on Military Operations in Urban Terrain," 2.
35. John L. Barry, et al., Nonlethal Military Means: New Leverage for a New Era (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, 1994); Nonlethal Technologies: Military Options and Implications (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1995).
36. Carl Paul Drev Dahl, "Mobile Robotics Will Serve Many Roles in Future Land Warfare," Defense Systems Review (November 1983): 13-17; Charles J. Garvey and James J. Richardson, "Robotics Find Application in Ground Warfare," Military Electronics/Countermeasures (March 1983): 85-91.
37. T. P. Featherstone, "A Communist Primer on Street Fighting," with "Street Fighting," by P.-G. Cluséret, Journal of the Royal United Services Institute 117, no. 1 (March 1972): 57-60.
38. Carlos Marighella, Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla (Vancouver, Canada: Pulp Press, 1974).
39. Richard Pipes, The Russian Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990).
40. Alistair Horne, A Savage Peace: Algeria 1954-1962 (New York: Viking, 1978); Franz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press, 1965).
41. Wolfgang H. Kraus, "East Germany (June 1953)," in Challenge and Response in Internal Conflict, vol. 2, The Experience in Europe and The Middle East, eds. D. M. Condit, Bert H. Cooper, Jr., et al. (Washington, DC: Center for Research in Social Systems, American University, March 1967), 457-496.
42. Richard Lettis and William E. Morris, The Hungarian Revolt, October 23-November 4, 1956 (New York: Scribner, 1961).
43. Senator Warner and Senator Levin, memo to Senator Thurmond and Senator Nunn, Review of Circumstances Surrounding the Ranger Raid on October 3-4, 1993 in Mogadishu, Somalia, September 29, 1995. Mark Bowden, "Blackhawk Down," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 chapters serialized between November 16 and December 14, 1997.
44. Andrew R. Molnar, et al., DA Pamphlet 550-104: Human Factors Considerations of Undergrounds in Insurgencies (Washington, DC: SORO, American University, Dept. of the Army, September 1966), 220-221; William Powell, The Anarchist Cookbook (New York: Stuart Press, 1971).
45. Facts on File Yearbook, 1975 (New York: Facts on File, 1976), 1028.
46. Report of the DoD Commission on Beirut International Airport Terrorist Act, October 23, 1983, The Long Report (Washington, DC: Dept. of Defense, December 20, 1983); Clyde R. Mark, Marine Security in Beirut; A Comparison of the House Armed Services Committee and Long Commission Reports (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, January 9, 1984).
47. Robert D. McFadden, "Blast Hits Trade Center, Bomb Suspected; 5 Killed, Thousands Flee Smoke in Towers," New York Times, February 27, 1993, 1, 22 (related reports on 1, 22-24); Alison Mitchell, "Businesses Try to Carry on After Trade Center Blast," New York Times, March 1, 1993, 1, B6 (related articles on 1, B4-B6); Peter Marks, "Hope Turning Dim on Fast Reopening for Trade Center," New York Times, March 3, 1993, 1, B6 (related articles on B6-B7).
48. Executive Order 13010: Critical Infrastructure Protection, July 15, 1996, in Federal Register, part 3, The President, July 17, 1996, 37347-37350, followed by Critical Foundations: Protecting America's Infrastructures, Report of the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection, Washington, DC, October 1997; Secretary of Defense William Perry, Force Protection, Report to the President and Congress on the Protection of U.S. Forces Deployed Abroad, September 16, 1996. Annex A is the Force Protection Assessment of USCENTCOM AOR and Khobar Towers (Report of the Downing Assessment Task Force), August 30, 1996.
49. David R. Mets, The Quest for a Surgical Strike (Eglin AFB, FL: Air Force Systems Command Monograph, Armament Division, 1987).
50. Operation Desert Storm: Evaluation of the Air War, GAO/PEMD-96-10, Report to Congressional Requesters (Senator Pryor, Representative Dingell) (Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, July 1996); Eliot Cohen, "A Bad Rap on High Tech: The GAO's Misguided Missile Against Gulf War Weaponry," Washington Post, July 19, 1996, 15.
51. Guilio Douhet, Command of the Air, trans. Dino Ferrari for the Office of Air Force History (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1983); quotations are on 277, 282.
52. Philip Ziegler, London at War, 1939-1945 (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1995).
53. Allan W. Kurki, Operation Moonlight Sonata: The German Raid on Coventry (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995).
54. Martin Middlebrook, The Battle of Hamburg (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1981).
55. "Berlin," Encarta 96 Encyclopedia.
56. David Irving, The Destruction of Dresden (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,1963). Kurt Vonnegut, who was present as a POW, subsequently penned an antiwar novel, Slaughterhouse Five (New York: Delacorte Press, 1969).
57. Jack Couffer, Bat Bomb: World War II's Other Secret Weapon (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1992).
58. The United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), vols. 7 and 10, part 3 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1976), 15-20.
59. USSBS, vol. 2 and vol. 4; Bernard Brodie, Strategy in the Missile Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959), 120-124, 131-138.
61. USSBS, vol. 7; Little Boy and Fat Man bomb data are contained in Chuck Hansen, U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History (New York: Orion Books, 1988), 11, 14, 21.
62. Robert S. McNamara, Statement on the Fiscal Year 1969-1973 Defense Program and the 1969 Defense Budget, January 22, 1968, 41-76, with quotes on 47, 50. Also, his Statement on the 1968-1972 Defense Program and 1968 Defense Budget, January 23, 1967, 38-39.
63. "President's Speech on Military Spending and a New Defense," New York Times, March 24, 1983, 20. For related compilations, see Dept. of Defense Current News, Special Edition, part 1, May 4, 1983, part 2, May 5, 1983, and a Current News series, "Strategic Defense Initiative," August 14 and 23, September 26, October 25, November 29, 1984, and January 3, February 7, 1985.
64. V. I. Lenin, Complete Collected Works, vol. 38, 5th ed. (Moscow: Political Literature Publishing House, 1958), 359.
65. P. T. Yegorov et al., Civil Defense: A Soviet View (undated), and N. M. Titov et al., eds. and trans., Civil Defense, July 1975, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Leon Gouré, War Survival in Soviet Strategy (Miami, FL: Center for Advanced International Studies, University of Miami, 1976). For skepticism, see Fred M.. Kaplan, "The Soviet Civil Defense Myth," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, part 1 (March 1978): 14-20, and part 2 (April 1978): 41-66.