NOTES
1. John R. Galvin, Air Assault: The Development of Airmobile Warfare (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1969), 21-28; Rudolf Böhmler and Werner Haupt, The German Paratroops (Dorheim, West Germany, and New York: Altmark International, 1971), 37-47.
2. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, eds. and trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 393-414 (quotations and other key points on 397, 407, 414).
3. Yigal Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, vol. 1 (Norwich, England: Jarrold and Sons, International Publishing, 1963), 32-35.
4. Surveys that cover prehistory to modern times include Martin H. Brice, Forts and Fortresses (New York: Facts on File, 1990); Ian Hogg, The History of Fortification (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981). See also Dale E. Floyd, Military Fortifications: A Selective Bibliography (New York: Greenwood Press, 1992).
5. Christopher Duffy, Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World, 1494-1660, and Siege Warfare, vol. 2, The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great, 1660-1789 (Boston, MA: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979 and 1985).
6. FM 5-15: Field Fortifications (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, June 27, 1972) (superseded by FM 5-103: Survivability, June 10, 1985, restricted distribution); Hogg, The History of Fortification, 200-207.
7. Donald R. Morris, The Washing of the Spears: The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965), 389-420. For a tongue-in-cheek but nevertheless perceptive assessment of lessons learned, see E. D. Swinton, The Defence of Duffer's Drift (Wayne, NJ: Avery Publishing, 1986; orginally published in 1907).
8. Robert B. Roberts, Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneers, and Trading Posts of the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1987).
9. Brice, Forts and Fortifications, 134-145, and Hogg, The History of Fortification, 168-181.
10. Rafael Steinberg, Island Fighting (New York: Time-Life Books, 1978), 104-131, 166-191. For detailed topographical descriptions, see William Herbert Hobbs, The Fortress Islands of the Pacific (Ann Arbor, MI: J. W. Edwards, 1945).
11. Hogg, The History of Fortification, 190-194, 196-198.
12. Tom Mangold and John Penycate, The Tunnels of Cu Chi (New York: Random House, 1985).
14. The Value of Field Fortifications in Modern Warfare, prepared for Defense Nuclear Agency (Washington, DC: Historical Evaluation and Research Organization (HERO), December 1, 1979), 14, 18-28.
15. Brice, Forts and Fortifications, 34-35.
16. Ibid., 146-147, 161; Hogg, The History of Fortification, 208-213; Norman Runnison, "For Sale: The Maginot Line," Arizona Republic, April 2, 1967, 12B.
17. Charles B. McDonald, "The Siegfried Line Campaign," in The United States Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, Office of the Chief of Military History, 1963), especially 30-35, 44-47, 56-57, 66-69, 72-75; Franklin M. Davis, Jr., Across the Rhine (New York: Time-Life Books, 1980), 22, 25, 28, 73, 76-77; Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (New York: Doubleday, 1948), 450; Hogg, The History of Fortification, 212-214.
18. Cornelius Ryan, The Longest Day (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954), 27.
19. Gordon A. Harrison, "Cross-Channel Attack," in U.S. Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, Office of the Chief of Military History, 1951), 249-265; ibid., 22-29; Patrice Boussel, D-Day Beaches Pocket Guide, trans. F.M. Watkins (Paris: Libraire Polytechnique Béranger, Département Technique des Presses de la Cité, 1964), 15-20; Hogg, The History of Fortification, 228, 236-237.
20. John Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy (New York: Viking Press, 1982), 66.
21. Alexander Barrie, War Underground: The Tunnellers of the Great War (London: Tom Donovan, 1961). See especially chapter 16.
22. Defense White Paper, 1990, Seoul, Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Korea, 75-79; John M. Collins, Korean Crisis, 1994: Military Geography, Military Balance, Military Options, Report No. 94-311S (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, April 11, 1994), 14.
23. G. Alison Raymond, "Sweden Digs In," U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 80, no. 11 (November 1954): 1223-1225.
24. Jonathan E. Medalia, MX, "Midgetman," and Minuteman Missile Programs, Issue Brief IB77080 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, archived March 1, 1991), 2-3.
25. Civil Defense in the Mid-1970s and Beyond (Washington, DC: Defense Civil Preparedness Agency, February 14, 1975).
26. Leon Gouré, War Survival in Soviet Strategy (Coral Gables, FL: Center for Advanced International Studies, University of Miami, 1976), 131-160; Industrial Survival and Recovery after Nuclear Attack, A Report to the Joint Committee on Defense Production (Seattle, WA: Boeing Aerospace, November 18, 1976).