Notes

1. R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History, 4^th ed. (New York: Harper Collins, 1993), 1-41; J. F. C. Fuller, A Military History of the Western World, vol. 1 (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1954), 1-52.

2. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, eds. and trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976).

3. J. C. Wylie, Military Strategy: A General Theory of Power Control (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1967), 49-56.

4. Saul Bernard Cohen, Geography in a World Divided (New York: Random House, 1963), chapter 2, Geopolitical Perspectives; Edward Mead Earle, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1943), chapter 16.

5. Halford J. MacKinder, "The Geographical Pivot of History," Geographical Journal XXIII (1904): 421-444, and Democratic Ideals and Reality (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1942; original publication in London, 1919).

6. Wylie, Military Strategy, 39-42, 49, 50, 56.

7. Secretary Stimson is quoted in William Reitzel, "Mahan on the Use of the Sea," Naval War College Review (May-June): 1973, 73.

8. Julian Corbett, Some Principles of Naval Strategy (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press), 87. For elaboration, see B. Mitchell Simpson, III, ed., The Development of Naval Thought: Essays by Herbert Rosinski (Newport, RI: Naval War College Press, 1977).

9. Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, American Century Series (New York: Hill and Wang, 1957; originally published in 1890).

10. Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Problem of Asia and Its Effect Upon International Policies (Boston: Little, Brown, 1900).

11. Wylie, Military Strategy, 42-48, 56; Dennis M. Drew, "Joint Operations: The World Looks Different from 10,000 Feet," Airpower Journal 2, no. 3 (Fall 1988): 4-16.

12. Guilio Douhet, Command of the Air, eds. Richard H. Kohn and Joseph P. Harahan, trans. Dino Ferrari (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1983). See also Bernard Brodie, "The Heritage of Douhet," Air University Quarterly Review VI (1953): 64-69, 120-126.

13. Alexander de Seversky, Air Power: Key to Survival (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1950); Makers of Modern Strategy, chapter 20.

14. Burke Davis, The Billy Mitchell Affair (New York: Random House, 1967).

15. Robert S. McNamara, The Essence of Security: Reflections in Office (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 91.

16. Preston E. James, "Dynamics of National Power," Military Review (May 1963): 17-25.

17. Sir Halford J. MacKinder, "The Round World and the Winning of the Peace," Foreign Affairs (July 1943): 595-605.