NOTES
1. Boundary Concepts and Definitions, Geographical Report No. 1 (Washington, DC: The State Department Geographer, April 28, 1961).
2. Ernst Kux, "Tension on the Ussuri," Military Review (June 1969): 25-28.
3. Ian Brownlie, African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press for the Royal United Services Institute, 1979).
4. Marjorie Ann Brown, Law of the Sea: The International Seabed Authority--Its Status and Participation Therein, Rpt. Nr. 96-772F (Washington: Congressional Research Service, September 16, 1996); Maritime Affairs--World Handbook: A Reference Guide to Maritime Organizations, Conventions and Disputes, and to the International Politics of the Sea, a Keesings Reference Publication compiled and written by Henry W. Degenhardt, ed., consultant Brian Mitchell, gen. ed. Allan J. Day (Detroit, MI: Gale Research, 1985), 3-14 and appendix 1; Limits of the Sea 36, National Claims to Maritime Jurisdictions (Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of State, Office of the Geographer, March 6, 1985), updated telephonically.
6. "Convention on International Civil Aviation," in Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949, vol. 3, Dept. of State Publication 8484, ed. Charles I. Bevans (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, November 1969).
7. William B. Quandt, "Lebanon, 1958," in Force Without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a Political Instrument, eds. Barry M. Blechman and Stephen S. Kaplan (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1978), 222-257.
8. Anthony Cordesman, "The Emerging Lessons from the U.S. Attack on Libya," Armed Forces Journal (August 1986): 355-360.
9. William Stevenson, 90 Minutes at Entebbe (New York: Bantam Books, 1976).
10. The Holy Bible, Matthew 24: 6-7.
11. For overviews and analyses, see Ewan W. Anderson, An Atlas of World Flashpoints: A Sourcebook of Geopolitical Crises (New York: Facts on File, 1993); Border and Territorial Disputes, A Keesing's Reference Publication, 2d ed., ed. Alan J. Day (Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co., 1987); John Keegan and Andrew Wheatcroft, Zones of Conflict: An Atlas of Future Wars (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986).
12. Saul Bernard Cohen, Geography and Politics in a World Divided (New York: Random House, 1963), 193-203.
13. Robin A. Remington, The Warsaw Pact (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971); Malcolm Macintosh, Evolution of the Warsaw Pact, Adelphi Papers No. 58 (London: Institute for Strategic Studies, June 1969).
14. Julie Kim, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary: Recent Developments, Issue Brief 91089, April 1997, updated regularly; Paul Gallis, NATO: Congresses Addresses Expansion of the Alliance, Issue Brief 95076, April 1997, updated regularly; Steve Woehrel, NATO Enlargement and Russia, Rpt. Nr. 97-477F, April 21, 1997; all Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
15. Border and Territorial Disputes, 288-300.
16. Ibid., 291, 293; Tai Sung An, The Sino-Soviet Territorial Dispute (Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press, 1974); Raymond L. Garthoff, ed., Sino-Soviet Military Relations (New York: Praeger, 1966), 171-182.
17. An Atlas of World Political Flashpoints, 1-4.
18. Border and Territorial Disputes, 90-101.
19. An Atlas of World Political Flashpoints, 123-126; Border and Territorial Disputes, 379-384.
20. An Atlas of World Political Flashpoints, 113-116.
21. Kerry Dumbaugh, Hong Kong's Return to China: Implications for U.S. Interests, Issue Brief 95119 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 1997, updated periodically).
22. Eui-Gak Hwang, The Korean Economies: A Comparison of North and South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Andria Matles Savada, ed. North Korea: A Country Study, DA Pamphlet 550-81 (Washington, DC: Federal Research Service, Library of Congress, 1994).
23. Mark J. Valencia, China and the South China Sea Disputes, Adelphi Paper 298 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1995); Henry J. Kenny, "The South China Sea: A Dangerous Ground," Naval War College Review 49, no. 3 (Summer 1996): 96-108.
24. Ibid.; John H. Noer, Maritime Interests in Southeast Asia (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1996).
26. An Atlas of World Flashpoints, 13-15; Border and Territorial Disputes, 439-442.
27. Tim Pat Coogan, The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal 1966-1996 (Boulder, CO: Roberts Rinehart, 1996); J. Bowyer Bell, The Irish Troubles: A Generation of Violence, 1967-1992 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); Border and Territorial Disputes, 57-72; An Atlas of World Flashpoints, 143-148.
28. Alfred Prados, Iraq: Attack on Kurdish Enclave and U.S. Response, Report No. 96-739F (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, October 17, 1996); U.S. Congress, Situation of Kurds in Turkey, Iraq and Iran: Briefing by the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office,1993); Gérard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, trans. Philip Black (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books, 1994).
29. John Pomfret, "Killing Spree Blamed on Troops of New Congo Leader," Washington Post, June 8, 1997, A1, A28; Congress, House, The Crisis in Rwanda, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, 103d Congress, 2d sess., May 4, 1994; Richard F. Nyrop et al., Rwanda: A Country Study, Dept. of the Army Pamphlet 550-84 (Washington: Foreign Area Studies, American University, 1982).
30. Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Bosnia, 1992-94 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); Roy Gutman, A Witness to Genocide: The 1993 Pulitzer Prize Winning Dispatches on the "Ethnic Cleansing" of Bosnia (New York: Macmillan, 1993).
31. Graham Hancock, Ethiopia, The Challenge of Hunger (London: V. Gollancz, 1985); John L. Hirsch and Robert B. Oakley, Somalia and Operation Restore Hope: Reflections on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping (Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 1995). The quotation is from John Keegan, Zones of Conflict, 90.
32. Thomas P. Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry, eds., Ethiopia: A Country Study, Dept. of the Army Pamphlet 550-28 (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1993).
33. John Lancaster, "Decades of Death on the Nile," Washington Post, February 6, 1997, A25, A28. For background, see Helen Chapin Metz, ed., Sudan: A Country Study, Dept. of the Army Pamphlet 550-27 (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1992).
34. Military Operations in Somalia: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting a Report on Military Operations in Somalia (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1993); Raymond W. Copson, Somalia: Operation Restore Hope and UNOSOM II, Issue Brief 92131 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, updated 1994).
35. Metz; Border and Territorial Disputes, 126-132, 144-150.
36. Richard P. Cronin and Barbara Leitch LePoer, The Kashmir Dispute: Historical Background to the Current Struggle, Report No. 91-563F (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, July 19, 1991); William C. Johnstone, "Jammu and Kashmir (1947-1949)," in Challenge and Response in Internal Conflict, vol. 1, The Experience in Asia, eds. D. M. Condit, Bert H. Cooper, Jr., et al. (Washington, DC: Center for Research in Social Systems, American University, February 1968), 306-329. The maharaja's request is reproduced in Border and Territorial Disputes, 318.
37. Border and Territorial Disputes, 317-329; An Atlas of World Flashpoints, 100-102. For additional background, see Richard F. Nyrop, ed., Pakistan: A Country Study, Dept. of the Army Pamphlet 550-48 (Washington, DC: Foreign Area Studies, American University, 1984).
38. Border and Territorial Disputes, 279-286.
39. Barbara Leitch LePoer and Nina Srinivasan, India and Pakistan Border Conflict: Background and Ongoing Problems, Report No. 96-437F (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, May 15, 1996).
40. Robert Leider, From Choice to Determinant: The Environmental Issue in International Relations (Washington, DC: Strategic Research Group, National War College, February 15, 1972); Joseph C. Conrad, Environmental Considerations in Army Operational Doctrine, a White Paper (Fort Leonard Wood: U.S. Army Engineer School, January 1995), 1, 5, 6.
41. Early warnings were contained in Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1962).
42. For a survey of contemporary issues, see Susan A. Fletcher, International Environment: Current Major Global Treaties, Report No. 96-884ENR (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, November 5, 1996).
43. Nuclear Wastes in the Arctic: An Analysis of Arctic and Other Regional Impacts from Soviet Nuclear Contamination, OTA-ENV-623 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, September 1995), 34.
44. Forest Conditions in Europe: The 1992 Report (Geneva, Switzerland: U.N. Economic Commission for Europe, September 14, 1992); Michael E. Kowalok, "Common Threads: Research Lessons from Acid Rain, Ozone Depletion, and Global Warming," Environment (July/August 1993): 12-20, 35-38.
45. Environmental Quality: The Twenty Third Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office,1993).
46. Arthur F. McConnel, Jr., "Mission: Ranch Hand," Air University Review (January-February 1970): 89-94; Joseph M. Kiernan, "Combat Engineers in the Iron Triangle," Army (June 1967): 42-45.
47. Morris Greenspan, The Modern Law of Land Warfare (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1959), 313-314. See also, James P. Terry, "The Environment and the Laws of War: The Impact of Desert Storm," Naval War College Review 45, no. 1 (Winter 1992): 61-67.
48. The effects of Agent Orange on human remains argumentive. See, for example, John E. Murray, Report to the White House Agent Orange Working Group, Science Subpanel on Exposure Assessment (Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and Technology Policy, May 27, 1986); Frank R. Finch, This Land Is Ours: The Environmental Threat of Army Operations, a presentation at the Naval War College Symposium on the Protection of the Environment During Armed Conflict and Other Military Operations, September 20, 1995; Karlheinz Lohs, Delayed Toxic Effects of Chemical Warfare Agents, a monograph (Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Peace Research Institute, 1975), 19-22.
49. Walter G. Sharp, Sr., "The Effective Deterrence of Environmental Damage During Armed Conflict: A Case Analysis if the Persian Gulf War," Military Law Review (Summer 1992): 24-28; John A. Miller, "Countering the Iraqi Eclipse," Military Engineer (January/February 1992): 4-7.
50. Sandra Postel, "Carrying Capacity: Earth's Bottom Line," in State of the World, 1994: A World Watch Institute Report on Progress Toward Sustainable Society, ed. Lester R. Brown (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), 3-21; Wade Roush, "Population: The View from Cairo," August 26, 1994, 1164-1167.
51. Joyce R. Starr, "Water Wars," Foreign Policy 82 (Spring 1991): 17-25; Elizabeth Anne Green, "Hydropolitics in the Middle East," Strategic Review 21, no. 2 (Spring 1993): 72-76; Carol Migdalovitz, Iraq-Kuwait Crisis: Is Water a Weapon?, Report No. 91-105F (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, January 23, 1991).
53. Tim Zimmerman, "If World War III Comes, Blame Fish," U.S. News & World Report, October 21, 1996, 59-60.
54. E. Willard and Ruby M. Miller, Environmental Hazards: Toxic Waste and Hazardous Material, A Reference Handbook (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1991); K. A. Gourlay, World of Waste: Dilemmas of Industrial Development (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books, 1992).
55. P. J. Skerrett, "Nuclear Burial at Sea," Technology Review, February/March 1992, 22-23.
56. Chemical Weapons: Destruction and Conversion (New York: Crane, Russak for Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1980).
57. Zdenek Dlouhý, Disposal of Radioactive Wastes (New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing, 1982).
58. M. Feshback, Ecological Disaster: Cleaning the Hidden Legacy of the Soviet Regime (New York: Twentieth Century Press Fund, 1995); Nuclear Wastes in the Arctic, especially 1-17.
59. Secretary of State Warren Christopher, "American Diplomacy and the Global Environmental Challenges of the 21st Century," address delivered at Stanford University, California, April 9, 1996.
60. A National Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement (Washington: The White House, February 1995, 18-19).
61. Agreement Reached on Environmental Security Plan (Washington, DC: Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public Affairs, July 16, 1996). For some related requirements, see Kent Hughes Butts, Environmental Security: What Is DoD's Role? (Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, May 28, 1993); David Rubenson et al., Marching to Different Drummers: Evolution of the Army's Environmental Program (Santa Monica, CA: Arroyo Center, RAND, 1994); Joseph C. Conrad, Environmental Considerations in Army Operational Doctrine, 2, 17-22, 23-24.