NOTES
1. Norman A. E. Hinds, Geomorphology: The Evolution of the Landscape (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1943); Arthur N. Strahler, Physical Geography, 2d ed. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1963), part 4, Land Forms.
2. R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3,500 B.C. to the Present, 4th ed. (New York: Harper Collins, 1993), a monumental work of 1,654 pages.
3. Ibid., 1203; Earl F. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East, Army Historical Series (Washington, DC: U.S. Army, Office of the Chief of Military History, 1968), chapter VII, "Operation Zitadelle."
4. Henry L. Shaw, Jr., et al., Central Pacific Drive, History of Marine Corps Operations in World War II, vol. 3 (Washington, DC: Historical Branch, U.S. Marine Corps, 1966) (see page 680 for pertinent pages); George W. Garand and Thurman R. Strobridge, vol. 4, Western Pacific Operations,1971 (see page 843 for pertinent pages); Roy E. Appleman et al., Okinawa: The Last Battle, United States Army in World War II (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1984) (see page 515 for pertinent pages).
5. Earl F. Ziemke, "Yugoslavia 1941-1944," in Challenge and Response in International Conflict, eds. Doris M. Condit and Bert H. Cooper, Jr., et al., vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Center for Research in Social Systems, American University, March 1967), 321-351; Antiguerrilla Operations in the Balkans (1941-1944), DA Pamphlet 20-243 (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, August 1954).
6. Dan Kurtzman, Blood and Water: Sabotaging Hitler's Bomb (New York: Henry Holt, 1997).
7. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade, 1854, Stanza 3. For elaboration, read Cecil Woodham-Smith, The Reason Why (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954), especially 197-249.
8. Carl von Clausewitz addressed the military significance of river lines early in the 19th century. See On War, eds. and trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 433-446, 532-534.
9. Leon Bertin, Larousse Encyclopedia of the Earth, 2d ed. (New York: Prometheus Press, 1965), 68-91; Arthur N. Strahler, Physical Geography, chapter 23.
10. Edward G. Miller, A Dark and Bloody Ground: The Hürtgen Forest and the Roer River Dams (Texas Station, TX: Texas A&M Press, 1995); Martin Blumenson, "The Rangers at Hwachon Dam," Army, no. 3 (December 1967): 36-53. See also, "Look for Safer Crossing Places," Army Digest 25 (March 1970): 1.
11. For overviews, refer to Field Manual 90-13/Fleet Marine Force Manual 7-26: River Crossing Operations (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army and Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps, September 30, 1992), especially chapters 2 and 7; FM 5-36: Route Reconnaissance and Classification (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, March 1988), 2-36 through 2-47; Charles Huie, "Soviet Army Bids for River Crossing Mobility," Army 18 (December 1968): 41-44
12. DA Pamphlet 20-290: Terrain Factors in the Russian Campaign (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, July 1951, 16-27.
13. FM 30-10: Terrain Analysis (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, March 27, 1972, 127-130 (superseded by FM 5-33, same title, July 1990, but contains more detailed information about water supplies).
14. Arthur P. Clark et al., ed., ARAMCO and Its World: Arabia and the Middle East, rev. ed. (Dhahran, Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabian Oil Co.,1995), 166; Abdulaziz Al-Sweel, ed., Saudi Arabia: A Kingdom in Transition (Washington, DC: Saudi Arabian Cultural Ministry to the United States, 1995).
15. Mark Sullivan, specialist in Latin American Affairs, interview by author, Congressional Research Service, March 21, 1996, Washington, DC; correspondence from Plans Division, U.S. Marine Corps, March 29, 1996.
16. FM 5-484: Navy Facilities Engineering Command Pamphlet P-1065, and Air Force Manual 32-1072: Multiservice Procedures for Well-Drilling Operations (Washington, DC: Depts. of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, March 8, 1994).
17. Conversations with Army chemical warfare specialists in February 1996.
18. FM 30-10: Terrain Analysis, 82-83, 145; FM 5-33: Terrain Analysis (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, July 1990), 1-4 and 1-5.
19. Technical Manual 5-545: Geology (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, July 1971), chapter 2; Chester R. Longwell, Adolph Knopf, and Richard F. Flint, Outlines of Physical Geology, 2d ed. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1946), 24-42.
20. Daniel O. Graham, Jr., "Soils and Slopes," Armor (September-October 1977): 41-44; FM 30-10: Terrain Analysis, 80-82,142-147.
21. John Bagot Glubb, The Story of the Arab Legion (London, Hoddler and Stoughton, 1952), 106-109.
22. Samuel Glasstone, ed., The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, DA Pamphlet 39-3 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, February 1964), 267-27, 289-296, 300-301; FM 30-10: Terrain Analysis, 82-83.
23. Working papers, Combat Intelligence Center Vietnam (CICV), 1968; James A. Wilson, Jr., "The Fourth Dimension of Terrain," Military Review 26, no. 6 (September 1946): 52-53; Glenn R. Locke, "Dust," U.S. Army Aviation Digest (August 1970): 34-35.
24. Laterite and Its Engineering Properties: A Geology/Soils Survey, Combat Intelligence Center Vietnam, March 10, 1967, 1, 3, 5,7.
25. Peter Farb, The Forest, rev. ed. (New York: Time-Life Books, 1969), 57-80, and A. Starker Leopold, In the Desert of the Earth (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Janonovich, 1961), 9-15, 53-67.
26. J. F. C. Fuller, A Military History of the Western World, vol. 1 (New York: Funk and Wagnals, 1955), chapter 8.
27. Williamson Murray, Gulf War Air Power Survey, vol. 2, Operations and Effects and Effectiveness (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1993); Frank N. Schubert and Theresa L. Kraus, eds., The Whirlwind War (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1995). The quotation is from "Stray Voltage," Armed Forces Journal (March 1991): 58.
28. FM 5-430-00.1/Air Force Joint Pamphlet 32-8013, vol. 1: Planning and Design of Roads, Airfields, and Heliports in the Theater of Operations--Road Design (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army and Dept. of the Air Force, August 26, 1994), chapter 4.
29. Robert R. Ploger, " 'Different' War--Same Old Ingenuity," Army 18, no. 9 (September 1968): 71-72; Joseph M. Kiernan, "Combat Engineers in the Iron Triangle," Army 17, no. 6 (June 1967): 42-45; Richard Duke, "Rooting Out Charlie," Army Digest (November 1967): 56; "Tree Eater Tested in Vietnam," Army Digest (December 1967): 14.
30. Arthur F. McConnell, Jr., "Mission: Ranch Hand," Air University Review 21, no. 2 (January-February 1970): 89-94; Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Science (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994); "Agent Orange Linked to Diabetes," Army Times, May 19, 1997, 2.