NOTES
1. Robert Debs Heinl, Jr., Dictionary of Military and Naval Quotations (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute, 1966), 289.
2. Matthew F. Maury, The Physical Geography of the Sea (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1855). For subsequent elaboration, see Benjamin Dutton and Elbert S. Maloney, Dutton's Navigation and Piloting, 14th ed. (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1985); Rhodes W. Fairbridge, The Encyclopedia of Oceanography (New York: Reinhold, 1979).
3. For sea water attributes, see Harold V. Thurman, Introductory Oceanography, 2d ed. (Columbus, OH: Charles E Merrill, 1978), 25-46; Richard A. Davis, Jr., Principles of Oceanography (Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1972), 69-73,134-181; P. J. Gates and N. M. Lynn, Ships, Submarines, and the Sea (London: Brassey's, 1990), 18-24, 85-89; William L. Donn, Meteorology With Marine Applications (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1946), 384-386; Leonard Engel, The Sea (New York: Time-Life Books, 1969), 10-12, 79-80.
4. P. J. Gates and N. M. Lynn, Ships, Submarines, and the Sea, 132-133; Donald C. Daniel, "Antisubmarine Warfare in the Nuclear Age," Orbis 28, no. 3 (Fall 1984): 530-533.
5. For sea surface behavior, see Davis, Jr., Principles of Oceanography, 74-133; Thurman, Introduction to Oceanography, 183-272; Donn, Meteorology With Marine Applications, 396-408; Gates and Lynn, Ships, Submarines, and the Sea, 85-106; Engel, The Sea, 77-78, 88-92.
6. J. F. C. Fuller, A Military History of the Western World, vol. 1 (New York: Funk and Wagnals, 1955), chapter 1.
7. The quotation is from Engel, The Sea, 89.
8. For marine topography, see Davis, Jr., Principles of Oceanography, 19-40, 289-377; Harold V. Thurman, Introductory Oceanography, 65-102, 139-156.
9. FM 30-10: Terrain Analysis (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, March 27, 1972, 73-80, 126, 139, 141 (superseded by FM 5-33, same title, July 1990, but the earlier edition contains more detailed information about beaches and approaches).
10. Orr Kelly, Brave Men, Dark Water: The Untold Story of Navy SEALs (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1992); parts of several chapters address beach reconnaissance missions.
11.Engel, The Sea, 34-35, 131-143.
12. Selected straits are described in A/Con/13/16: Preparatory Paper for Conference on Law of the Sea (New York: United Nations, 1957); Sovereignty of the Sea (Washington, DC: Dept. of State, 1965). For one regional analysis, see John H. Noer with David Gregory, Chokepoints: Maritime Economic Concerns in Southeast Asia (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press in cooperation with the Center for Naval Analyses,1996).
13. Alan Moorehead, Gallipoli (New York: Harper, 1956).
14. Kelly Couturier, "Pro-Chechen Gunmen Seize Ferry," Washington Post, January 17, 1996, A1, A20.
15. Suez Canal Salvage Operations in 1974 (Washington, DC: prepared for Dept. of the Navy by Booz, Allen and Hamilton and Sea Salvage, Inc., 1975).
16. Tom Clancy, The Hunt for Red October (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1984).
17. John M. Collins, The U.S.-Soviet Military Balance, 1980-1985 (Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brassey's, 1985), 145-151.
18. Charles H. Sinex and Robert S. Winokur, "Environmental Factors Affecting Military Operations in the Littoral Battlespace," Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest 14, no. 2 (1993).
19. The section on ship design relies mainly on P. J. Gates and N. M. Lynn, Ships, Submarines, and the Sea, 24-46, 65-84.
20. Alfred Vagts, Landing Operations from Antiquity to 1945 (Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing Co., 1946); Joseph H. Alexander and Merrill L. Bartlett, Sea Soldiers in the Cold War: Amphibious Warfare 1945-1991 (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1995); Theodore L. Garchel, At the Water's Edge: Defending Against Modern Amphibious Assault (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1996).
21. C. E. Lucas Phillips, The Greatest Raid of All (Boston: Little, Brown, 1960); Leonce Peillard, Sink the Tirpitz! (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1968).
22. Joseph H. Alexander, Utmost Savagery: The Three Days of Tarawa (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1995).
23. Walt Sheldon, Hell or High Water (New York: Macmillan, 1968); Robert Debs Heinl, Victory at High Tide: The Inchon-Seoul Campaign (New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1968), 18-121.
24. J. Lawton Collins, War in Peacetime: The History and Lessons of Korea (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 114-137.
25. Ibid., 155, contains General MacArthur's quotation. See also T. R. Fehrenbach, This Kind of War (New York: Macmillan, 1963), chapter 15.
26. Daniel, "Antisubmarine Warfare in the Nuclear Age," 528, 535-540.
27. W. T. T. Packingham, "The Command and Control of Submarine Operations," Naval Forces 6, no 2 (Spring 1985): 50-53; Robert J. Carlin, "Communicating with the Silent Service," U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 107, no. 12 (December 1981): 75-78.
28. "ELF Communications System Isn't Needed, Might Not Work, GAO Says," Aerospace Daily, March 22, 1979, 107 (cites GAO classified report, The Navy's Strategic Communications System, PSAD-79-48); Seafarer ELF Communications System Final Evaluation Impact Statement for Site Selection and Test Operation (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Navy, December 1977).
29. Robert S. Winokur and Craig E. Dorman, "Antisubmarine Warfare and Naval Oceanography," Oceanus 33, no. 4 (Winter 1990/91): 20-30; Oceanography and Underwater Sound for Naval Applications (Washington, Oceanographic Analysis Division, Marine Sciences Dept., U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, October 1965); Daniel, "Antisubmarine Warfare in the Nuclear Age," 530-533; Jonathan B. Tucker, "Cold War in the Ocean Depths," High Technology (July 1985): 29-35.
30. Tom Stefanick, "The Nonacoustic Detection of Submarines," Scientific American 258, no. 3 (March 1988): 41-47; Paul Seully-Power and Robert F. Stevenson, "Swallowing the Transparency Pill," U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 113, no. 12 (December 1987): 150-152; Thomas B. Allen and Norman Polmar, "The Silent Chase," New York Times Magazine, January 1, 1984, 13-17, 26-27; Daniel, "Antisubmarine Warfare in the Nuclear Age," 535-545.