NOTES
1. Carlo d'Este, Patton: A Genius for War (New York: Harper Collins, 1995), 685-688.
2. John S. D. Eisenhower, The Bitter Woods (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1969), 375-430.
3. William L. Donn, Meteorology With Marine Applications, 1st ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1946); Arthur N. Strahler, Physical Geography, 2d ed. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1963), chapters 7, 8, 10, 11; Guy Murchie, Song of the Sky (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954).
4. Physical Geography, 76-78; Field Manual 34-81-1: Battlefield Weather Effects (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, December 23, 1992), 2-4, 3-6, 3-7, G10, G12, G16.
5. The Air Almanac (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, issued annually).
6. FM 5-33: Terrain Analysis (Washington: Dept. of the Army, July 1990), B-1, B-2; FM 34-81-1: Battlefield Weather Effects, 2-7; Air Force Doctrine Document 45: Aerospace Weather Operations (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Air Force, August 31, 1994), 2-4.
7. Author's recollections as Chief, Campaign Planning Group, U.S. Army, Vietnam, 1967-1968; Harlan G. Koch, "Monsoons and Military Operations," Military Review 45, no. 6 (June 1965): 25-34.
8. Physical Geography, 182-188.
9. Ibid., 188-193; 194-255 elaborate region by region.
10. For representative guidelines, see Joint Pub 3-59: Joint Doctrine for Meteorological and Oceanographic Support (Washington, DC: Office of the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, December 22, 1993) and Air Force Doctrine Document 45: Aerospace Weather. Historical background is available in John F. Fuller, Thor's Legions: Weather Support to the U.S. Air Force and Army, 1937-1987 (Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 1990).
11. William J. Cook, "Ahead of the Weather," U.S. News and World Report, April 29, 1996, 55-57; Kevin McManus, "Data from Weather-Observing System Sometimes All Wet," Washington Post, January 22, 1996, A3.
12. Christopher Ward, The War of the Revolution, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 91-304.
13. Allen F. Chew, "Beating the Russians in the Snow: The Finns and the Russians, 1940," Military Review 60, no. 6 (June 1980): 38-47, and Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies, Leavenworth Papers No. 5 (Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Combat Studies Institute, December 1981), 17-30.
14. Samuel van Valkenburg, ed., America at War: A Geographical Analysis (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1942), 103.
15. Leon Wolff, In Flanders Fields: The 1917 Campaign (New York: Viking Press, 1958), especially xii, 81-87, chapters 9 and 13.
16. The Winter Line, American Forces in Action Series (Washington, DC: Historical Division, U.S. War Dept., June 14, 1945), 5, 15, 88, 90.
17. FM 34-81-1: Battlefield Weather Effects, appendices B-D, H, J.
18. S. L. A. Marshall, Infantry Operations and Weapons Usage in Korea, Winter 1950-51 (Chevy Chase, MD: Operations Research Office, Johns Hopkins University, 1951), 21, 94, 101.
19. U.S. Navy Cold Weather Handbook for Surface Ships (Washington, DC: Chief of Naval Operations, Surface Ship Survivability Office, OP 03C2, May 1988), 2-9 to 2-11, 6-5-6-7, 6-10, 7-1, 8-1 to 8-4.
21. Ibid., 2-1 and 2-2, 2-4, 7-1.
22. "Special Boat Section," Naval Special Warfare Command Fact File (Coronado, CA: January 1993); What Is Naval Special Warfare?, undated (1993), 8, 11, 25-28, 30-37.
23. Richard Marcinko, Rogue Warrior (New York: Pocket Books, 1992), 250-254.
24. Air Force Instruction 11-206: General Flight Rules (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Air Force, July 25, 1994), chapters 7-8; OPNAV Instruction 3710.7Q: NATOPS General Flight and Operating Instructions (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, May 1, 1995), 5.10-5.15; Army Regulation 95-1: Flight Regulations (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, May 30, 1990), 9-10, 21-23.
25. For weather effects on helicopter operations, see Aviation Weather, 16 student handouts 2/5/9/9E-0525-23 (Fort Rucker, AL: U.S. Army Aviation Center, 1995).
26. NAVAIR 00-80T-105:CV NATOPS Manual (Washington, DC: Naval Air Systems Command, December , 1985), 5-18 and 5-19; Steve York, Meteorological and Sea Surface Effect Upon Naval Aviation, memorandum to the author, June 1996.
27. Brian Garfield, The Thousand Mile War: World War II in Alaska and the Aleutians (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1969), 114.
28. Cornelius Ryan, A Bridge Too Far (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974), 416-418.
29. Warfighting and Weather: Bosnia--1995, a briefing slide (Washington, DC: Office of the Director, Air Force Weather Service, undated,1996); "Fog Again Prevents U.S. Forces From Reaching Tulza," Washington Post, December 18, 1995, 16.
30. Air Force Instruction 11-206, 16; OPNAV Instruction 3710.7Q, 8-4.
31. Glenn B. Infield, Skorzeny: Hitler's Commando (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981), 29-45.
32. Jerry Adler and Rod Nordland, "High Risk," Newsweek, May 27, 1996, 55, 57.
33. John R. Galvin, Air Assault (New York: Hawthorne Books, 1969), 97-110.
34. Rescue Mission Report (The Holloway Report) (Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff Special Review Group, 1980), 9-10, 38-45; James H. Kyle, The Guts to Try (New York: Orion, 1990), 246-255; Paul B. Ryan, The Iranian Rescue Mission (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1985), 67-75.
35. DA Pamphlet 39-3: The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, rev. ed. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, February 1964), 436-488.
36. Technologies Underlying Weapons of Mass Destruction (Washington, DC: Office of Technology Assessment, December 1993), 103, 105; The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare, vol. 2, CB Weapons Today (New York: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1973), 37-48, 61-72; Terrance and Kathleen White, "Biological Weapons: How Big Is the Threat?" International Defense Review, August 1990, 843, 845.
37. FM 21-40: Chemical, Biological, and Nuclear Defense (Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, October 15, 1977), chapters 1 and 5; ABC Warfare Defense Ashore, Technical Publication PL-2 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Yards and Docks, Dept. of the Navy, April 1960), chapters 2-4.
38. FM 34-81-1: Battlefield Weather Effects, appendix F.
39. Glenn W. Goodman, Jr., "Owning the Night," and John G. Roos, "Generation Gap," Armed Forces Journal International (May 1996): 40, 43-45; Robert G. McClintic, "Rolling Back the Night," Army 19, no. 8 (August 1969): 28-35.
40. Kosta Tsipis, "Laser Weapons," Scientific American (December 1981): 54-57.
41. "Report to the APS of the Study Group on Science and Technology of Directed Energy Weapons: Executive Summary and Major Conclusions," Physics Today (May 1987): S-8, S-10.
42. FM 34-81-1: Battlefield Weather Effects, L-1 through L-3; U.S. Navy Cold Weather Handbook for Surface Ships, 9-2, 10-1, 10-6, 10-7.
43. Graham A. Cosmas and Albert E. Cowdrey, Medical Service in the European Theater of Operations, U.S. Army in World War II (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1992), 488-496; U.S. Navy Cold Weather Handbook for Surface Ships, 9-2, 10-6.
44. FM 34-81-1: Battlefield Weather Effects, L-3 through L-6.
45. U.S. Navy Cold Weather Handbook for Surface Ships, 9-1, 10-4 and 10-5.
46. Peter B. Bennett and David H. Elliott, eds., The Physiology and Medicine of Diving, 4th ed. (Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders), 302-341.