1. Senator Barry Goldwater, Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, July 28, 1983.
2. Victor H. Krulak, Organization for National Security (Cambridge, MA: United States Strategic Institute, 1983), 9.
3. Samuel Huntington, The Soldier and The State (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967), 80-83.
5. U.S. President, Message to the Congress, 19 December 1945; reprinted in Office of the Secretary of Defense Historical Office, The Department of Defense 1944-1978 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978), 11.
6. U.S. Code, Public Law 253, 26 July 1947.
8. U.S. President, Message to the Congress, "Reorganization Plan No. 6 of 1953," 30 April 1953; reprinted in The Department of Defense 1944-1978, 157.
9. U.S. President, Message to the Congress, 3 April 1958; reprinted in The Department of Defense 1944-1978, 179-185.
10. Letter from Admiral Arleigh A. Burke (Chief of Naval Operations 1955-1961) to LtGen Victor H. Krulak, 14 Aug 1982. Quoted in Krulak, Organization for National Security, 85.
11. Letter from Admiral Thomas H. Moorer (Chief of Naval Operations 1967-1970) to LtGen Victor H. Krulak, 16 Aug 1982. Quoted in Krulak, 86-87.
12. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Forces, Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee, The Air War Against North Vietnam, Hearings, 90th Cong., 1st sess.
13. Robert Previdi, Civilian Control versus Military Rule, (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1988), 117.
14. Admiral James L. Holloway III (Chief of Naval Operations 1974-1978), "The Quality of Military Advice," American Enterprise Institute Foreign Policy and Defense Review, vol. 2, no. 1, Feb 1980, 34.
15. General Lyman L. Lemnitzer, USA (Ret.) and others, Report by the Committee on Civilian-Military Relationships (Indianapolis, IN: Hudson Institute, 17 September 1984), 37.
16. Department of Defense, Organization and Functions Guidebook, July 1995.
17. Les Aspin, quoted by James Kitfield in "Pentagon Power Shift," Government Executive, April 1994, 72.
18. Commission on Roles and Missions of the Armed Forces, Directions for Defense, May 1995, 4-25 to 4-26.
19. Aspin, quoted by Kitfield.
20. Senior military official, remarks during a nonattributable address to the Command and Staff College.
21. General Lyman L. Lemnitzer, USA (Ret.) and others, first addendum, 1.
22. Ferdinand Eberstadt, quoted by J.D. Hittle in "Military Planning at the Seat of Government," United States Naval Institute Proceedings 3, no. 7, whole no. 653 (July 1957): 714.
23. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Armed Services, Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958. Report, 85th Cong., 2d sess., 22 May 1958. H. Rept. 1765.
25. Ferdinand Eberstadt, quoted by J.D. Hittle. 721.
26. U.S. President, Message to the Congress, 3 April 1958; reprinted in The Department of Defense 1944-1978, 175.
28. Michael R. Gordon and Bernard E. Trainor, The General's War (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1995).
29. CJCS Memorandum of Policy (MOP) 7, The Joint Strategic Planning System, and CJCS MOP 9, Policy of Action Processing, provide for Service input. MOP 9 however, requires the Joint Staff to coordinate with the Services only when "they have an interest, their views would be useful, or [when] they have requested the opportunity to coordinate." The discretion implied by that language has led Service staff officers to believe that "selective coordination" on the part of the Joint Staff has occurred.
30. Richard H. Kohn, "Out of Control: The Crisis in Civil-Military Relations," The National Interest (Spring 1994): 16.
31. General George C. Marshall, as recalled by Major General John Hilldring, Director of the Civil Affairs Division. Hilldring's recollections are quoted in Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory (New York: The Viking Press, 1973), 458-459.
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