1. John Esposito, "The Islamic Movement in North Africa," Islamic Fundamentalism in Africa and Implications for U.S. Policy (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1993), 27.
2. Mark Jurgensmeyer, The New Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 4-6.
3. See R. Hrair Dekmejian, Islam in Revolution (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995), 8-11, for a short history of Islamic revivals.
4. Mir Zohair Husain, Global Islamic Politics (New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, 1995), 11-12.
5. Fred Halliday, "The Politics of Islam," British Journal of Political Science 25, part 3 (July 95): 399.
6. Arthur L. Lowrie, "American Foreign Policy and the Campaign Against Islam," Middle East Policy IV, nos. 1 and 2 (September 19 95): 215.
7. As'ad AbuKhalil, "The Incoherence of Islamic Fundamentalism," The Middle East Journal 48, no. 4 (Autumn 94) 677.
8. For an excellent summary of the history of Islam, see Daniel C. Diller, ed., "Fourteen Centuries of Islam," The Middle East, 8th ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1994), 169-189.
10. Ibid., 297: "There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His Prophet."
16. Congress, House, statement by Hassan al-Turabi before House Subcommittee on Africa, May 20, 1992, Islamic Fundamentalism in Africa and Implications for U.S. Policy, Washington, 1993, 8.
17. Gilles Keppel, The Revenge of God, trans. Alan Braley (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994), 4.
20. Francois Burgat and William Dowell, The Islamic Movement in North Africa (Austin,TX: Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Texas, 1993), 19.
21. Dekmejian, 27.
22. Richard Augustus Norton, "The Challenge of Inclusion in the Middle East," Current History 94, no. 588 (January 1995): 3.
23. John P. Entelis, "Political Islam in Algeria: The Nonviolent Dimension," Current History 94, no. 588 (January 1995): 14.
27. Mary-Jane Deeb, "Militant Islam and the Politics of Redemption," Islamic Fundamentalism in Africa and Implications for U.S. Policy (Washington, DC, 1993), 91-92.
30. Olivier Roy, The Failure of Political Islam, trans. Carol Volk (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1994), 36.
32. Jurgensmeyer, 39.
33. See Dekmejian, 46-49, for an excellent summary of the Islamist's target audiences.
37. Iran in particular has been accused of aiding militant Islamist groups, most notably those operating in Lebanon and Israel.
39. Though the economic and societal failures of revolutionary Iran has given pause to some Islamists, its example can be glossed over by the largely Sunni Arab Islamists because it is a non-Arab, predominately Shia nation.
43. Congress, House, statement by John Voll before House Subcommittee on Africa, May 20, 1992, Islamic Fundamentalism in Africa and Implications for U.S. Policy (Washington, DC, 1993), 65.
44. Interestingly, Jurgensmeyer notes religion may be necessary for democracy to develop, "for without the legitimacy conferred by religion, the democratic process does not seem to work in some parts of the world"(202).
48. Jurgensmeyer notes one Islamist concluded peaceful means for fighting apostasy are inadequate, so any meansCincluding deceit and violenceCare acceptable, and such actions are incumbent on all true Muslims (60).
51. Syria is one notable exception, having quashed a violent Islamist challenge to the regime of President Assad. However, this "victory" was achieved by the virtual destruction of the town of Hama at the cost of thousands of innocent lives. Fortunately, few governments are prepared to go to these lengths as yet.
53. United States Security Strategy for the Middle East, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, Middle East and African Affairs, Washington, DC, 1995, 17.
55. Zachary Karabell, "The Wrong Threat: The United States and Islamic Fundamentalism," World Policy Journal XII, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 42.
57. Arun Kapil, "Algeria's Crisis Intensifies: The Search for a Civic Pact," Middle East Report 25, no. 182 (January-February 1995): 7.
61. For instance, when President Zeroual publicly snubbed the French government, his government's primary sponsor, he had a tremendous popularity boost among the Algerian people. "Populist Zeroual," 46.
62. Lawrence Tal, "Dealing with Radical Islam: The Case of Jordan," Survival 37, no. 3 (Autumn 1995): 149.
65. John P. Entelis, "Islamism, Democracy, and the State in the Maghreb: The Case of Algeria," Islamic Fundamentalism in Africa and Implications for U.S. Policy (Washington, DC, 1992), 82.
68. Edward G. Shirley (pseudonym), "Is Iran's Present Algeria's Future?" Foreign Affairs 74, no. 3 (May/June 1995): 30-31.
69. Hugh Roberts, "The Algerian Crisis," International Affairs 71, no. 2 (April 1995): 248-249.
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