1. As cited in Miron Rezun, Intrigue and War in Southwest Asia (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1992), 2.

2. Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game.

3. Michael T. Clare discusses geoeconomic and geostrategic objectives in "Policing the Gulf--And the World," Nation, October 16, 1990, 401-405. Edward N. Luttwak also discusses these concepts in his "From Geo-Politics to Geo-Economics," National Interest (Summer 1990), 17-23.