Sun Tzu Art of War in Information Warfare, Notes
1. Neil Munro, "U.S. Boosts Information Warfare Initiatives," Defense News, 25-31
2. U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Science Board, Report of the Defense Science Board Summer Study Task Force on Information Architecture For the Battlefield, (Washington: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense For Acquisition & Technology, October 1994), B-16.
3. "The Defense Science Board (DSB) is a Federal Advisory Committee established to provide independent advise to the Secretary of Defense. Statements, opinions, conclusions and recommendations in the report do not necessarily represent the official position of the Department of Defense." Defense Science Board, inside front cover.
5.C4 Architecture & Integration Division, the Joint Staff, C4I for the Warrior, (Washington: Joint Staff, 12 June 1992), 1.
6. The NII is "the satellite, terrestrial, and wireless technologies that deliver content to homes, businesses, and other public and private institutions...It is the computers, televisions, telephones, radios, and other products that people employ to access the infrastructure." United States Council on National Information Infrastructure, Common Ground: Fundamental Principles for the National Information Infrastructure, (Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce, March 1995), 1.
7. Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), Information Warfare: Legal. Regulatory, Policy, and Organizational Considerations for Assurance, (Vienna, VA: SAIC, 4 July 1995), 1-1.
8. Defense Science Board, B-3-4.
10. Defense Science Board, B-3-4.
11. C2W is defined as, "The integrated use of operations security (OPSEC), military deception, psychological operations (PSYOP), electronic warfare (EW), and physical destruction mutually supported by intelligence to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary command and control capabilities, while protecting friendly command and control capabilities against such actions." Col Jim Gray, USAF, "Turning Lessons Learned into Policy," Journal of Electronic Defense, no. 10, October 1993, 88.
12. LT Gen James R. Clapper and LTC Eben H. Trevino, Jr., "Critical Security Dominates Information Warfare Moves," Signal, March 1995, 71.
13. The most recent draft of C2W doctrine states, "C2W is a warfighting application of IW in military operations and is a subset of IW." Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Doctrine For Command and Control Warfare (C2W), Joint Publication 3-13, (Washington: Joint Chiefs of Staff, coordination draft, May 1995), I-2.
17. Robert McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam, (New York: Random House, 1995), 108.
18. The Rand Corporation wargame entitled, "The Day After...In Cyberspace" depicted Iranian computer terrorists using Internet to wreck havoc on the U.S. information infrastructure (phone system, power grid, air traffic control) as Iran posed to invade Saudi Arabia. Neil Munro, "Infowar Disputes Stall Defense Policy"; A detailed discussion of the scenario with day by day events is contained in the article by Douglas Waller, 4446.
l9. Defense Science Board, B- 11.
20. Neil Munro, "Hacker Attacks Illustrate Vulnerability of DoD War Plans," Washington Technology, 25 August 1994, 18.
21. Armaud de Borchgrave, "Air base no match for boy with modem," Washington Times, 3 November 1994, 1.
23. LT Gen James R. Clapper, 72.
24. Bob Woodward, The Commanders, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 327.
25. Defense Science Board, B-3.
26. Previously designated the Joint Electronic Warfare Center, under the new charter the organization's responsibilities are expanded to incorporate all the dimensions of C2W. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Charter for the Joint Command and Control Warfare Center, CJCSI 5118.01 (Washington: Joint Chiefs of Staff, 15 September 1994), 1.
27. Although the Director, JC2WC is open to a flag officer from each of the Services, habitually the position is filled by an Air Force general officer who is dual hatted as Commander of the Air Intelligence Agency collocated at Kelly Air Force Base, San Antonio, TX.
28. Combatant Commands also receive support from the Joint Communications Security Monitoring Activity and the Joint Spectrum Center. These specialized organizations provide personnel to the CINCs upon request.
29. Vice Admiral J.M. McConnell, Director, NSA, memo "Joint COMSEC Monitoring Activity (JCMA) Concept of Operations (CONOP)," National Security Agency, 19 July 1993,3. 30. Ibid. 31. General Ronald R. Fogelman, 1.
32. "Information Dominance Edges Toward New Conflict Frontier," Signal, August 1994, 37.
33. Steven Watkins, "New Era Had Humble Start," Air Force Times, 20 November 1995, 24.
36. Robert Holzer, "U.S. Navy Begins Information War Effort, Defense News, 29 August-4 September 1994, 4.
37. Robert Holzer, "Navy Eyes Single Command to Guide Info Warfare," Navy Times, 6 February 1995, 35.
39. "Boorda and Mundy Sign Information Warfare Guidance," Inside the Navy, 3 April 1995, 11.
40. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Information Security and Privacy in Network Environments,103d Cong., 2d sees., 1994, 143.
43. The MOU authorizes NIST and NSA to establish a Technical Working Group (TWO) to "review and analyze issues of mutual interest pertinent to protection of systems that process sensitive or other unclassified information." The TWG has six members; three from NIST and three selected by NSA. Ibid.,148.
44. Neil Munro, "Hacker Attacks Illustrate Vulnerability of DoD War Plans," 18.
45. Defense Management Review Decision (DMRD) 918, September 1992, designated the Director, DISA, as the central manager of the DII. SAIC, A-37.
46. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Information Security and Privacy in Network Environments, 61.
47. Michael Higgins (higgins@cc.ims.disamil), "NII Security: The Federal Force June 5 1995," electronic mail message to Billy Hogan (hoganbilly@aol.com), 6 June 1995.