Sun Tzu Art of War in Information Warfare, Notes

1. See Antulio J. Achevarria and John M. Shaw, "The New Military Revolution: Post-Industrial Change," Parameters. 22, (Winter 1992-93). pp 70-79; John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, Cyberwar in Coming. Santa Monica: Rand, 1992; Alvin and Heidi Toffler, War and Anti-War: Survival at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1994, and John Arquilla, "The Strategic Implications of Information Dominance," Strategic Review. Summer 1994, pp. 24-30.

2. Alvin and Heidi Toffler, op cit., pp. 242 ff; John Naisbitt, Global Paradox: The Bigger the World Economy, the More Powerful its Smallest Players. New York: William Morrow and Co., 1994, pp. 271 ff. Also, Steven Bankes and Carl Builder, Seizing the Moment Harnessing the Information Technologies, Santa Monica: 1992, pp. 13-18.

3. J. M. Roberts, The Penguin History of the World. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1980, pp. 504-5. Also, Elizabeth L, Einstein, "Some Conjectures About the Impact of Printing on Western Society and Thought: A Preliminary Report," Journal of Modern History, (March 1968), esp. pp. 19-21.

4. Naisbitt. op cit., pp. 42-46. Nation-states are not, of course, disappearing. Naisbitt notes (p.30) that, paradoxically, "as the importance of the nationstate recedes, more of them are being created."

5. David Ronfelt, Cyberocracy, Cyberspace, and Cyberology: Political Effects of the Information Revolution, Santa Monica: Rand, 1991, p 63.

6. Benjamin Barber, "Jihad Vs. McWorld," The Atlantic Monthly (March 1992), pp. 53-63.

7. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations?," Foreign Affairs. (Summer 1993), pp. 22-49; Robert D. Kaplan, "The Coming Anarchy!" Atlantic, (February 1994), pp. 44-76.

8. John Keegan, A History of Warfare, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993, esp. Chapter 2.

9. Ralph Peters. "The New Warrior Class." Parameters, 24 (Summer 1994). p. 16.

10. Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War, New York: Free Press, 1991, p.212.

11. Ibid., p. 207.

12. Eliot Cohen, "What To Do About National Defense," Commentary, (November 1994), p.23.

13. Michael J. Mazarr, The Military Technical Revolution, Washington, D.C.: CSIS, March 1993, pp. 23-26.

14. Andrew F. Krepinevich, "Cavalry to Computer: The Pattern of Military Revolutions," The National Interest . (Fall 1994), p. 41.

15. Dan Goure, "Is There a Military-Technical Revolution in America's Future?." The Washington Quarterly. (Autumn 1993), p. 179.

16. Mazaar, op cit., pp. 34-35.

17. William J. Perry, "Desert Storm and Deterrence," Foreign Affairs, (Fall 1991), p.66.

18. Joint Chiefs of Staff Memorandum of Policy (MOP) 30.

19. "Battle Plans for a New Century," The Washington Post, February 21, 1995, A1.

20. C. Kenneth Allard, Command, Control and the Common Defense, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990, pp. 250, 263-64.

21. Goure. op cit., p 182.

22. Krepinevich, op cit., p. 42.

23. Paul Bracken, "The Military After Next," The Washington Quarterly, (Autumn 1993), pp. 168-69.

24. Goure, op cit., p. 183.

25. Mazaar, op cit., pp. 10 ff.

26. Quoted in Andrew F. Krepinevich, "The Clinton Defense Program: Assessing the Bottom-Up Review,'' Strategic Review. (Spring 1994), pp. 18-19.

27. Ibid., pp. 19-20. Also, Cohen, op cit., p. 24, and Charles T. Allen, "Extended Conventional Deterrence: In from the Cold and Out of the Nuclear Fire?," The Washington Quarterly. (Summer 1994), pp. 225-28.

28. Edward N. Luttwak, "Washington's Biggest Scandal." Commentary. (May 1994), p. 32.

29. For example, Cohen, op cit., p. 25.

30. Krepinevich, "The Clinton Defense Program," p. 24.

31. A.J. Bacevich, "Preserving the Well-Bred Horse." The National Interest (Fall 1994). pp. 48-49.

32. Daniel P. Bolger, "The Ghosts of Omdurman," Parameters. (Autumn 1991), p.39.

33. Mazaar, op cit., pp. 54-55.

34. Winn Schwartau. Information Warfare, Chaos on the Electronic Superhighway. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1994, pp. 21-22.

35. Quoted in Defense Science Board Summer Study on Information Architecture for the Battlefield, October 1994, p. B-6 (hereinafter cited as DSB Final Report).

36. Donald E. Ryan, "Implications of Information-Based Warfare," Joint Forces Quarterly (Autumn-Winter 1994-95). p. 114.

37. Ibid., p. 116.

38. Alvin and Heidi Toffler, op cit., pp. 165-75.

39. John Arquilla op cit., pp. 27-29.

40. Ibid., p. 27. Also, Dan Kuehl, "Target Sets for Strategic Information Warfare in an Era of Comprehensive Situational Awareness," Unpublished Paper, January 24, 1995, esp. pp. 9-10.

41. Quoted in DSB Final Report, p. B-5.

42. Ibid., pp. 34-35.

43. Richard N. Haass, Intervention: The Use of American Military Force in the Post-Cold War World. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment, 1994, p. 7.

44. Cohen. op cit.. p. 31. Also, Keuhl, op cit., pp. 7-8.

45. Robert D. Steele, "The Military Perspective on Information Warfare: Apocalypse Now," Keynote Speech to the Second International Conference on Information Warfare, Montreal, Canada, January 19,1995, p. 13.

46. Peter R. Andreas, Eva C. Bertram, Morris F. Blackman and K.E. Sharpe, "Dead-End Drug Wars," Foreign Policy, (Winter 1991-92), p. 112.

47. John J. Patrick, "Reflections on the Revolution in Military Affairs," Unpublished Paper, October 17, l994, pp. 28 ff.

48. Kenneth F. McKenzie, Jr. "Elegant Irrelevance: Fourth Generation Warfare," Parameters. (Autumn 1993), esp. pp. 58-59.

49. Martin Libicki and James Hazlett, "The Revolution in Military Affairs," INSS Strategic Forum (November 1994), p.1.