1. One of the concerns addressed by India’s President, Mr. K.R. Narayana, in his speech to the nation on the eve of Republic Day was his country’s progress in fulfilling the principles of the Indian Constitution. At the same time, President Narayanan acknowledged that India must continue to resolve the contradictions to its composite ideal of democracy. The text of his address was published in The Hindu Internet Edition (January 25, 1999), p.15.
3. Jasjit Singh, "India’s Strategic and Security Interests," in Air Commodore Jasjit Singh (editor), Indo-US Relations in a Changing World: Proceedings of the Indo-US Strategic Symposium (New Delhi: Lancer Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1992), p.92.
4. "Imagined Enemies, Unreal Allies," The Hindu, December 24, 1998, p.10. FBIS, Near East/South Asia. Source Date, December 24, 1998.
5. "Restraining US," Delhi, The Hindustan Times, 28 December, 1998, p.13. Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Near East/South Asia.
6. Ramsujan Amar, "Threats to World Peace," Delhi Dainik Jagran, 25 December, 1998. Internet Version. FBIS, Near East/South Asia. Source-Date, December 25, 1998.
7. "France Lauds India’s Progress on CTBT," The Times of India, 21 January, 1999. Internet Edition.
8. Rajneesh Darshan, "The Strategic Triangle Vis-à-vis the Chinese Viewpoint," Delhi Jansatta, 4 January, 1994, p.4. FBIS, Near East/South Asia. Source Date January 4, 1999. An editorial in The Economic Times (Delhi), "The Bearhug Pays," December 24, 1998 (Internet Version) suggests that the continued partnership between Russia and India would hope to "create a multipolar world." See, FBIS, Near East/South Asia. Source: Date December 24, 1998.
9. B.P. Jeevan Reddy, "The Perils of Globalisation-II," The Hindu, January 21, 1999, p.12. Internet Edition.
10. C. Raja Mohan, "Imagined Enemies, Unreal Allies."
11. Stephen Philip Cohen, "The Critical Dimensions of a Possible US Strategic Partnership with India," Journal of the United Service Institution of India, Vol. CXXVII, No. 530 (October-December, 1997, pp.491-501), p.497. See also, Stephen Philip Cohen, "The United States and India: Recovering Lost Ground," SAIS Review, Vol. XVIII, Number One (Winter-Spring, 1998, pp.93-107). He observes that after the Cold War the United States never made its expectations of India explicit nor to that point in time had it undertaken a serious review of its South Asian policies. "Although the Bush administration had planned such a review after it was drawn into the position of mediator between Islamabad and New Delhi at the height of the 1990 crisis, it never followed through." pp.93-94. Cohen provides a succinct argument as to why the United States has "not ‘gotten India right’ for many years." First, the U.S. expectation that India could serve as a major alternative to China was abandoned by the 1970s when U.S. policy makers viewed India as strategically irrelevant nor was New Delhi willing to contribute to American concerns in the Middle East or Southeast Asia. India’s relationship with the Soviet Union at the time, providing some protection from China, precluded such a global role with the U.S. as well. Second, India’s diplomats, especially from the left, irritated many Americans with their anti-American rhetoric. Third, for fifty years American perceptions of the area have been influenced by diplomats who have had less than warm relations with South Asian diplomats. And, fourth, those in the United States whose attention towards India came after the end of the Cold War attempted to understand South Asia through assumptions appropriate to Europe but not India. Few American analysts appreciated how domestic factors influenced the foreign and security policies of democratic India.
12. Stephen Philip Cohen, "The Critical Dimensions of a Possible US Strategic Partnership with India," p.494.
13. The Symington amendment prohibited economic and military aid to countries engaged in illegally importing or exporting materials and equipment necessary for the production of nuclear weapons. The 1985 Pressler amendment required presidential certification that Pakistan did not possess a nuclear explosive device. The failure to provide certification prohibited U.S. aid to Pakistan. In 1995 Congress passed the Brown amendment which permitted a one time modification of the Pressler amendment prohibition of aid to Pakistan in an attempt to normalize relations between the two countries.
14. Jaswant Singh, "Against Nuclear Apartheid," Foreign Affairs Vol. 77, No. 5(September/October, 1998, pp.41-52).
15. K. Subrahmanyan contends that China has consistently violated the articles of the Non-Proliferation Treaty by supplying Pakistan with ring magnets and probably with weapons-grade plutonium. Subrahmanyan emphasizes that China supplied Pakistan with this assistance prior to its signing the NPT in 1992 as well as after its acceptance of the treaty. According to him, China constructed for Pakistan a 40-mw Khushab reactor which produces enough weapons grade plutonium for two bombs a year. China, in addition, supplied Pakistan with heavy water for the reactor. The reactor is not under international safeguards nor is the heavy water secure. Pakistan’s nuclear program, he holds, "for all practical purposes is an extension of the Chinese programme and there is no point in India dealing with Pakistan without China being brought into it." K. Subrahmanyan, "The China Factor," Economic Times, January 22, 1999. (Internet edition).
16. External Affairs Minister Jaswant Singh, "Speech in Rajya Sabha on Bilateral Discussions with United States," December 16, 1998. Embassy of India Press Release. (Internet).
17. Prime Minister Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, "Pakistan Today Successfully Conducted Five Nuclear Texts," Appendix in Richard N. Haas and Morton H. Halperin, Co-Chairs." After the Tests: U.S. Policy Toward India and Pakistan Report of an Independent Task Force. Cosponsored by the Brookings Institution and the Council on Foreign Relations. (New York: Counil on Foreign Relations, 1998).
18. "Loans to India Postponed," The World Bank Group Press Release. News Release No. 98/1778SAS, May 26, 1998. In Fiscal Year 1998 India and Pakistan were among the Bank’s top ten borrowers. India was the largest borrower (U.S. $ 1.073 billion IDA and US $1.068 billion IBRD) for eleven projects. Pakistan followed India. It received U.S. $808 million (U.S. $557 million IDA and U.S. $250 million IBRD) for four projects. The World Bank Group Press Release. News Release No. 98/1883/SAS. July 15, 1998.
19. Since 1989 Japan has been India’s largest bilateral donor. It has been giving grant assistance to India of between five to six billion yen annually. Japan is also India’s fourth largest trading partner. In 1997-1998, Indo-Japanese trade was valued at about $3.5 billion. It is also estimated that Japanese investments in India increased from approximately $17 million in 1991 to $480 million in 1997. Source: FBIS. South Asia/Northeast Asia. Former Foreign Secretary J.N. Dixit,"Indo-Japanese Ties in a Nuclear Era," Delhi The Indian Express, (January 7, 1999), p.8.
20. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172. Adopted by the Security Council, June 6, 1998.
21. Specifically, the two countries were requested to stop all further nuclear testing and adhere to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty immediately and unconditionally, refrom from weaponisation or deployment of nuclear weapons and from the testing or deployment of missiles capable of delivering nuclear weapons; refrain from any further production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; confirm their policies not to export equipment, materials and technology that could contribute to weapons of mass destruction or missiles capable of delivering them.
22. Assistant Secretary of State for South Asian Affairs Karl F. Inderfurth, "Address to the Foreign Policy Association," January 21, 1999. USIS Washington File (Internet).
23. Initially Fernandes was quoted as saying that China was "our enemy number one." Later the Defense Minister denied having said this, saying: "These words were put into my mouth by some over enthusiastic sub-editors." "China Poses Main Threat: Fernandes," The Times of India, May 24, 1998 (Internet). Later he was reported to have softened his stance towards China. Whereas he had insisted that India perceived China as its maximum threat, he now "conceded that India’s threat perception vis-a-vis China had changed markedly in recent months. ‘Threat perceptions keep changing. We need to have a dialogue with them. While we have a dialogue with them, we need to keep our past experiences with China in mind." As quoted in FBIS.South Asia/Near East. "Fernandes Softens Attitude Toward PRC, Calls For Dialogue," Delhi The Pioneer, February 5, 1999, p.5.
24. UNI Report. "India Reasons Behind N-Blasts Surprise Jiang," The Hindustan Times, June 21, 1998. (Internet Edition). also, Sridhar Krishnaswami, "Jiang ‘Very Surprised’ At Indian N-Tests," The Hindu, June 22, 1998, p.1. (Internet Edition).
25. K. Subrahmanyan, "The China Factor," Economic Times, January 22, 1999. (Internet).
27. "Pakistan Set to Buy More Weapons From China," Hindustan Times, February 17, 1999. (Internet Edition).
28. K.K. Katyal and C. Raja Mohan, Interview with the Chinese Ambassador, Mr. Zhon Gang, "China for Productive Dealing with India," The Hindu, July 10, 1998, p.14. (Internet Edition).
29. As quoted in FBIS, inserted June 8, 1998. "China: Ban Yue Tan Reviews Indian Nuclear Development History," Beijing Xinhua Hong Kong Service, June 5, 1998.
30. As quoted in FBIS, inserted May 21, 1998. Dong guosheng, "Hegemonist Ambition is Completely Exposed," Beijing Jiefangjun Bao, May 19, 1998, p.5.
31. As quoted in FBIS-CHI-98-160. Daily Report. Yang Xiaojie, "India’s Armed Forces and China’s Security," Guangzhou Jinri Junshi, June 1, 1998. (Internet Edition).
33. As quoted in FBIS. "Chinese Envoy: So-Called China Threat ‘Entirely Baseless," Bangalore Deccan Herald, February 8, 1999 (Internet Edition).
34. As quoted in FBIS, inserted January 29, 1999. "MOFTEC OFFicial: Trade Ties with South Asia ‘Valued,’" Beijing Xinhua, January 29, 1999.
35. As stated in FBIS-NES-97-292, Daily Report. Chitamani Mahapatra, "China Factor in Indo-U.S. Relations," Jammu The Kashmir Times, October 13, 1997, p.5.
37. Anil K. Joseph, "China Lodges Protest With India Over Anti-Dumping Duties," The Times of India, November 23, 1998 (Internet Edition) and "Avoid Trade War: China Tells India," Deccan Herald, November 23, 1998. (Internet Edition).
38. I.K. Gujarl, "Defence and Security in the Post-Cold War Scenario," Address before the United Service Institution of India, January 23, 1997. Document from the Embassy of India homepage.
39. Kenneth J. Cooper, "India, Bangladesh Solve Water Dispute," Washington Post, December 13, 1996, p. A43. The dispute dates back to 1975 when India constructed a dam which diverted water into another river as a means of washing silt from Calcutta’s port. An earlier agreement reached in 1977 lapsed in 1988. Bangladesh has contended that India’s dam has resulted in economic and ecological damage.
40. This account of India’s relationship to ASEAN follows that presented by C. Raja Mohan, "India’s Gains From the ARF MEET," The Hindu, July 29, 1998, p.12. (Internet Edition).
41. See, "Nepal: Gujral’s Activities, Agreements Signed in Kathmandu Noted," Delhi, All India Radio Network, June 6, 1997, as reported in FBIS. FBIS-NES-97-157. And "Nepal: JC Expresses Satisfaction Over Outcome of Gujral’s Visit," The Katmandu Post, June 9, 1997 (Internet Edition) as cited in FBIS. FBIS-NES-97-160.
42. K,K. Katyal, "Challenges on the Foreign Policy Front," The Hindu, January 4, 1999, p.10. (Internet Edition).
43. V. Jayanth, "Report Views Entry Into ASEAN Regional Forum,"The Hindu, July 19, 1996. As cited in FBIS. FBIS-NES-96-141.
44. Deputy Secretary Talbott, "U.S. Diplomacy in South Asia: A Progress, Report," November 12, 1998. U.S. Department of State Dispatch. December, 1998.
China Welcomes Jaswant’s Statement," The Hindu, December 29, 1998. Page 1. (Internet Edition). And "China Welcomes Jaswant’s Statement," The Times of India, December 29, 1998. (Internet Edition).46. Atul Aneja, "Navy Exploring New Aircraft Carrier Options," The Hindu, September 9, 1997, p.10. (Internet Edition). See also, "India Set to Boost Navy," Jane’s International Defense Review, September 9, 1997, p.14.
47. "India to Build Indigenous Aircraft Carrier," The Hindu, January 29, 1999, p.14. (Internet Edition).
48. "India Plans to Induct Four New Submarines," The Hindu, December 19, 1996, p.15. (Internet Edition).